Chem Notes

Boiling

Process of converting a liquid into gas by heating it to its boiling point, used to separate dissolved solids from liquids.

Simple Distillation

Technique to separate liquids with different boiling points by evaporation and condensation.

Centrifugation

Method of separating components based on density by spinning in a centrifuge.

Sedimentation

Allowing solid particles to settle at the bottom of a liquid based on density differences.

Filtration

Separating solid particles from liquids or gases by passing through a porous barrier.

Fractional Distillation

Process of separating liquids with close boiling points through multiple distillation steps.

Chromatography

Technique separating components based on differential movement through a medium.

Separator Funnel

Device to separate immiscible liquids by density, draining the less dense liquid from the top.

Atomic Size

Trend decreasing across periods, increasing down groups in the periodic table.

Ionisation Energy

Trend increasing across periods, decreasing down groups in the periodic table.

Electronegativity

Trend increasing across periods, decreasing down groups in the periodic table.

Reactivity Series of Metals

List of metals in order of reactivity, predicting their behavior in reactions.

Ionic Bonds

Formed by electron transfer, resulting in oppositely charged ions.

Covalent Bonds

Atoms share electrons to achieve stability.

Metallic Bonds

Sharing of outer electrons in metals, creating a "sea" of delocalised electrons.

Acids

Substances releasing H⁺ ions in water, with strong and weak classifications based on ionisation.

Monoprotic Acids

Acids releasing 1 proton when dissolved in water.

Diprotic Acids

Acids releasing 2 protons when dissolved in water.

Concentrated vs

Concentrated solutions have more substance per unit volume, while dilute solutions have less.

Bases

Substances releasing OH�� ions, known as alkalis when soluble in water, with properties and examples.

Salts

Ionic compounds formed by the reaction of an acid with a base, categorized based on the negative ion they contain.

Acid Rain

Form of precipitation with acidic components resulting from emissions reacting with water and chemicals in the atmosphere.