Engleski chapter 10 - terms

self

an individual's
separate existence
from other people

early childhood
development

the
physical, intellectual,
emotional and social
development which
takes place from birth
to primary school
years

self-identity

an
individual's awareness
of their own unique
characteristics in
relation to the socia 1
groups around them

idiolect

the
distinctive pattern of
an individual's speech

sociolect

the style
of speech shared by
people in a particular
region or social group

cooperative
principie

the
principie that speakers
usually mean what
they say and that
hearers accept this in
trying to work out the
meaning

conversational
face

the image
that a person has
of themselves as a
conversationalist

face-threatening
acts

acts or words
which appear to
threaten the self
esteem of a speaker in
conversation

positive politeness

fri endly strategies to
make the participant
feel good about
themselves (e.g.
compliments, use
of title, mutually
understood jargon,
nicknames)

negative politeness

strategies intended to
avoid giving offence
and imposing on
others by showing
respect (e.g. '1 hope
you don't mind if 1 … ',
'Would yo u mind if 1
asked yo u to .. .7')

adversative
conjunction

a connecting word
which starts an idea
opposing the one
which has just been
stated (e.g. 'but',
' however')

Cognitive skills

brain skills which are needed to perform any mental and physical task.
They are concerned with mechanisms of carrying out these tasks, rather than with any
knowledge. Cognitive abilities are

Perception

recognition and interpretation through the senses.

Attention

being able to concentrate on a particular mental or physical task and sustaining
that concentration over other distractions in the environment.

Memory

the storage and retrieval of information in the brain. Memory is divided into short
term memory (the ability to actively reta in a small amount of information) and long Term
memory {where information is stored for an indefinite period of time and can be retrieved).

Motor skills

the ability to m ove the body and to manipulate objects

Language

the skill which changes sounds into words to be spoken

Visual and spatial processing

the ability to understand relationships between objects and
to visualise images and ideas in the imagination

linguistic
determinism

the
idea that the structu re
ofalanguage
determines the
thought processes of
its speakers

linguistic
reflectionism

the
idea that language
reflects the thoughts
and ideas of a culture,
the opposite of
linguistic determinism.

linguistic relativity

the idea that the
structure of language
affects a person's view
of the world, either
very directly, as in
linguistic determinism,
oras a m u eh more
indirect and weaker
influence

stereotype

a very
generalised opinion
or idea about a type
of person or group
of people. lt is a
simplified and biased
image and often
produces negative
feelings about those
concerned

political correctness

avoiding offence
to any group of
people who m ay
be seen to be at a
disadvantage because
of their race, gender,
disability or any social
disadvantages

convergence

when
we make our language
style similar to those
speakers around us

divergence

when we
make our language
more distinctly
different from those
speakers around us

speech
communities

groups
of people who use
the same variety of
language and have a
shared understanding
of its style

linguistic prestige

the degree of respect
and value given to
a particular style of
language by a speech
community

patois

a particular
variety of speech u sed
by a group which
m ay be regarded as
having a low status

code switch

switching between
different varieties or
registers of language

computer-mediated
communication

communication
between people by
means of electronic
devices, such as
email, texting and
chat rooms

inclusion

the making
of certain people or
groups to feel that
they belong and are
valued

exclusion

the making
of certain people or
groups to feel left out
and unimportant