KNS 200 Exam 1

HOK: pre 1840

native American + influence of European colonizers

HOK: 1899

On physical training (Edward Hartwell), influence of westward expansion

HOK: 1917

The rise of sport (Frederic paxson)

what did the *rise of sport* discuss

lack of frontier and adventure and increase of sport

HOK: 1920s-1930s

growth in publications, draftees unfit to serve, seward staley inclusion of sport

HOK: 1956

eisenhower’s council on physical fitness (50% of american children failing physical tests)

HOK: 1970s

increased public intrest, title 9

HOK: 2008

first publication of evidecne based *physical activity guidelines for americans*

HOK: 2019-now

covid, obesity

what is the application of natural laws to investigate the structure and function of living organisms

biomechanics

when did biomechanics begin to be a shcolarly area

1960s

who studied the perception of human body as a machine in 1600s

rene descartes

who understood muscles used leverage to exert movement, discovered calculations to understand bodily forces (FATHER OF BIOMECHANICS)

Giovanni Borelli (1608)

who studied human motion and time requirements for work tasks, and proposed principles for production efficiency

Frederick Taylor (1856)

who studied biomechanics as a method of action, productions intrested in laws of mechanical physics with balance and coordination and rhythm

vsevolod meyerhold (1874)

who studied the quantification of joint motion via high speed film analysis tech, and classification system of activities based on movement

ruth glassow (1891)

when was physiology applied to human movement

1920a

2 examples of landmark research in physiology

double decker bus drivers vs. conductors (1953) and longshormen (paffenbarger 1970)

who developed method to meaure O2 and CO2 during respiration in animals

antoine lavosier and pierre de laplace (1740s)

who developed first cycle ergometer

august krogh (1874)1

who had an increased understanding of energy metabolism (O2 consumption/debt)

archibald hill (1886)

who had ergogenic aids to enhance physical performance, one of the original ACSM founders

peter karpovich (1896)

who had an understanding of physical fitness

thomas cureton (1901)

when did social influences on performance of exercise psych

early 1900s

when did psychological aspects of sport in exercise psych get developed

1960s

when did excersise psych split from sport psych

1980s

who impacted the presence of others on cycling performance (EP)

norman triplett (1861)

who interviewed and profiled sport celebrities (EP)

coleman giffith (1893)

who understood psych and behavioral determinants of PA and exercise (EP)

rod dishman

who understood the importance of assessing feeling states during exercise (EP)

panteleimon ekkekakis

what are the 3 branches of motor behavior

motor learning, motor, control, motor development

what is assessing motor skills to understand cognition (late 1800s)

motor learning

what is biological origin in understanding neuromuscular control (late 1800s)

motor control

what is skill development across childhood, with growth and maturation (1960s)

motor development

who contributed the muscle drum theory (MB)

franklin henry (1904)

what is memory drum theory

slower reaction times makes room for more complex motion)

who contrubuted understanding of how children acquire skills and conduct fundamental movement patterns

ruth glassow, anna espenschade, larry rarick (1891-1911)

what is the scientific perspective on exercise science

founded on published research from the last 100 years, prone to dynamic shifts in thinking

what do practitioners do

integration of evidence based practice

consumer of research much do what

identify quality and soundness (truth)

what is the key difference between scientific and non-scientific lit.

rigorous peer review

types of peer reviewed literature

primary reference, secondary references, non-scientific lit

key sections of primary references

purpose, methods, results, conclusions, reference section

drawbacks to secondary references

more subjective, out of date

what is an abstract

brief study overview

read an abstract to:

determine if the study is relevant to your needs

what are the 3 goals of an introduction

relevant background, purpose statement, hypotheses

read intro to determine

whether or not study is justified

what MUST methods have

replicable precision

read methods in order too

determine validity

read results to determine

importance of study outcomes

what is the discussion portion

relates study finding to background wor

what is a comprehensive explanation of study results

theory

read the discussion in order too

determine how to use and apply results for next steps

read the conclusions to determine

primary importance of study ONLY AFTER you critically reviewed introduction, methods, results

read references to determine

if authors are using up to date literature

what are the two types of narratives

systematic (clear replicable) and unsystematic (expert driven)

what is statistically analyzing effects using results from numerous articles

meta analytic

what is the shape and size of bones, muscles, and organs

structure

what provides basic protection from external environment

integumentary system

3 functions of anatomical systems

integumentary, skeletal, muscular

function of skeletal system

support

what is function of muscular system

movement

2 ways to visualize human body

living anatomy (touch), histological anatomy (slides), imaging technology, In VIVO (biopsy)

examples of unethical practices

vivisection, body snatchers, nonconsensual experimental

what anatomical term describes: closer to point of attachment

proximal

what anatomical term describes: farther from point of attachment

distal

what anatomical term describes: above another structure (closer head)

superior

what anatomical term describes: below another structure

inferior

what anatomical term describes: in front

anterior

what anatomical term describes: in back

posterior

what anatomical term describes: contralateral

opposite side

which plane divides the body between left and right

sagittal

which plane divides between top and bottom

transverse plane (horizontal)

which plane divides front and back

frontal plane

what is decreasing the angle between adjoining segments

flexion

what is increasing the angle between adjoining segments

extension

what is extension going beyond anatomical position

hyperextension

flexion, extension, hyperextension are what plane movement

sagittal

what are the types of frontal place movements

abduction, abduction

what motion is movement away from the midline

abduction

what movement is towards the midline

adduction

what are the movements of the transverse plane

left right medial or lateral rotation

what is rotation about the longitudinal axis of the bone toward the midline

internal medial rotation

what is rotation about the longitudinal axis of the bone away from the midline

external rotation

what axis corresponds with frontal plane

anteroposterior (front to back)

what axis corresponds with sagittal plane

mediolateral (left to right)

what axis corresponds with transverse plane

superoinferior (up and down)

how many bones

206

3 functions of skeletal system

supportive framework, protects body tissues and organs, attachment sites and system of levers

what is the form of skeletal system

frame to keep body supported and maintain posture

what function of skeletal system

movement, transfer of forces

what is a simple machine that magnifies the force and or speed of movement

lever

what is the most common type of lever in humans

3rd class

3 types of joints

hinge, ball and socket, and complex

what kind of joint is one plane, one axis

hinge

what kind of joint is all planes, all axes

ball and socket

what kind of joint is a mix of hinge and ball and socket

complex

parts of skeletal muscle largest to smallest

whole muscle, fascicle, myofibril, sarcomere

what part of skeletal muscle is attached to bone via tendons

whole muscle