Lecture Notes - Pathology Gross & Microscopy (Flashcards)

Vocabulary-style flashcards covering key pathological terms found in the lecture notes.

Acute brain abscess

Localized purulent infection in brain tissue with liquefactive necrosis and pus formation.

Liquefactive necrosis

Necrosis where tissue is digested by enzymes to form a liquid mass; common in brain and abscesses.

Lung abscess

Localized area of necrosis in the lung filled with pus due to infection.

Acute suppurative appendicitis

Acute inflammation of the appendix with pus formation.

Fibrinous peritonitis

Peritoneal inflammation with deposition of fibrin on serous surfaces.

Acute non-suppurative inflammation

Inflammation without pus; mainly serous or fibrinous in nature.

Caseating necrosis

Cheesy, granulomatous necrosis typical of tuberculosis.

Tuberculosis lymphadenitis (tuberculous lymphadenitis)

TB infection of lymph nodes with caseating granulomas.

Pott’s disease

Tuberculosis of the vertebral column causing destruction and deformity.

Cold abscess

Tuberculous abscess with little surrounding inflammation; not heat-producing.

Ghon focus

Initial primitive focus of pulmonary TB, often subpleural in the lung.

Ghon complex

Ghon focus with involved regional lymph nodes, forming a characteristic TB lesion.

Tabes mesenterica

Tuberculosis of the mesenteric lymph nodes with caseation and matted nodes.

Tuberculosis of the mesenteric LNs (Tabes Mesentrica)

TB infection of mesenteric lymph nodes presenting as enlarged, matted nodes with caseification.

Pleural fibrosis and adhesions

Fibrosis of the pleura with adhesions between visceral and parietal pleura.

Mural thrombosis

Thrombus adherent to the endocardial surface of a heart chamber or vessel.

Pericardial adhesions

Fibrous connections between the pericardial layers after inflammation.

Healed myocardial infarction

Scar formation in the myocardium after prior infarction.

Mural thrombosis in healed MI context

Endocardial thrombus forming after myocardial infarction, potential embolism.

Vertebral column TB (Pott’s disease) with cold abscess

Tuberculosis causing vertebral destruction and cold abscess formation.

Tuberculosis with caseation in vertebrae

TB lesions in bone showing caseating granulomas and bone destruction.

Omental involvement in appendicitis (appendiceal pathology note)

Attachment of omentum to the appendix seen in appendicitis cases.

Acute suppurative appendicitis (histology)

Ulceration and pus formation in the appendix mucosa/submucosa.

Langhans giant cells

Large multinucleated cells with nuclei arranged in a horseshoe pattern, typical of granulomatous TB.

Epithelioid cells

Activated macrophages forming granulomas in chronic inflammation.

Langhans-type granuloma

Granuloma featuring Langhans giant cells and peripheral rim of epithelioid cells.

Granuloma

Aggregates of modified macrophages (epithelioid cells) with or without necrosis, typical of TB and certain infections.

Ghon focus (TB lesion in lungs)

Subpleural primary TB lesion in the lung.

Ghon complex (TB)

Ghon focus with adjacent hilar lymph node involvement.

Tuberculosis – mesenteric LNs (Tabes Mesentrica)

TB infection of mesenteric lymph nodes with caseation and matting.

Acute suppurative appendicitis – description

Acute inflammation of the appendix with purulent exudate.

Tuberculous lymphadenitis

TB infection of lymph nodes causing caseating granulomas.

Tuberculosis lymphadenopathy

Enlarged lymph nodes due to TB infection, often matted and caseating.

Tuberculosis (TB) of vertebral column

TB infection of spine causing destruction and deformity (Pott’s disease).

Tuberculous cold abscess

TB abscess lacking significant inflammatory signs; often in vertebrae or LN.

Ghon focus

Initial pulmonary TB lesion, usually in the mid to lower lung zones.

Aortic aneurysm with laminated thrombus

Aneurysm with layered thrombus deposits forming laminations.

Pressure atrophy of vertebrae

Vertebral bone loss due to chronic pressure from adjacent pathology (e.g., aneurysm).

Liver cirrhosis (nodular liver)

Chronic liver disease with regenerative nodules and fibrous scarring.

Regenerating nodules

Nodular regeneration seen in cirrhotic liver.

Fatty change in liver (steatosis)

Accumulation of fat within hepatocytes causing liver enlargement or softness.

Hemochromatosis (liver)

Iron overload in liver leading to tissue damage; may accompany pancreatic involvement.

Bronze diabetes (hemosiderosis/hemochromatosis)

Iron overload causing pancreatic islet damage and diabetes with bronze skin.

Amyloidosis (liver)

Extracellular deposition of amyloid protein; Congo red positive with apple-green birefringence.

Barrett’s esophagus (intestinal metaplasia)

Intestinal metaplasia of lower esophagus with goblet cells due to chronic reflux.

Intestinal metaplasia

Replacement of one epithelium by intestine-like epithelium, as in Barret’s esophagus.

Chronic venous congestion – liver (nutmeg liver)

Liver changes due to chronic right heart failure with alternating alternating zones of congestion and pallor.

Chronic venous congestion, liver (gross)

Liver appearance due to long-standing venous congestion.

Chronic rheumatic valvulitis with dystrophic calcification

Rheumatic valve disease with calcification of damaged valve tissue.

Chronic rheumatic valvulitis

Valvular heart disease due to rheumatic fever causing valvular scarring and dysfunction.

Squamous cell carcinoma (skin)

Malignant squamous epithelium tumor with keratinization and keratin pearls.

Keratin pearl

Concentric layers of keratin seen in well-differentiated squamous cell carcinoma.

Desmoplastic stroma

Fibrocellular connective tissue response surrounding invasive carcinoma.

Basal cell carcinoma (skin)

Locally malignant skin tumor arising from basal layer with palisading nuclei.

Squamous cell papilloma

Benign exophytic lesion formed by squamous epithelium on a fibrous core.

Lipoma

Benign tumor of mature fat cells; soft, encapsulated, well-circumscribed.

Fibroma (oral cavity)

Benign fibrous tumor in the oral mucosa; firm, well circumscribed.

Fibroma of the breast (pericanalicular fibroadénoma)

Benign breast tumor with ducts proliferating in fibrous stroma.

Fibroadenoma (breast)

Benign breast tumor with both glandular and fibrous tissue; well circumscribed.

Fibroma of ovary

Benign ovarian fibroma; solid, firm mass.

Hemangioma (capillary)

Benign vascular tumor composed of small capillary-sized vessels.

Hemangioma (cavernous)

Benign vascular tumor with large dilated vascular spaces separated by connective tissue.

Hemangioma of liver

Benign liver tumor with vascular spaces filled with blood.

Benign melanocytic nevus

Pigmented skin lesion with benign proliferation of melanocytes.

Malignant melanoma

Malignant skin tumor arising from melanocytes with melanin pigment and pleomorphism.

Rodent ulcer (basal cell carcinoma)

Ulcerating basal cell carcinoma, typically on sun-exposed skin with rolled, raised edges.

Osteosarcoma

Malignant bone tumor producing osteoid; often in long bones of children. Features include Codman’s triangle.

Codman’s triangle

Radiographic/ossification pattern where periosteal reaction forms a triangular area at bone edge in osteosarcoma.

Osteoid deposition

Production of immature bone (osteoid) by malignant osteogenic cells.

Chondrosarcoma

Malignant tumor producing cartilage, commonly in pelvis, ribs, femur.

Metastasis to liver (carcinoma)

Spread of malignant cells to the liver (secondary liver cancer) from another primary site.

Metastasis to lymph node (carcinoma)

Spread of malignant cells to lymph nodes from a distant primary tumor.

Adenocarcinoma, large intestine

Malignant gland-forming tumor of the colon/rectum with pleomorphism and mitoses.

Desmoplasia

Growth of dense fibrous tissue around a tumor, often seen in invasive cancers.

Keratinization

Formation of keratin within squamous cells, seen in squamous cell carcinomas.

Keratin pearl formation

Circular concentric keratin structures in squamous cell carcinoma.

Angioma types (capillary vs cavernous)

Benign vascular tumors: capillary (small vessels) and cavernous (larger vascular spaces).

Hepatic adenolipom? (note: not in deck)

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Nevi (benign melanocytic nevus)

Benign pigmented skin lesion composed of nevus cells.

Peutz? (not applicable)

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