Study for FTCE Engineering and Technology Education 6-12 Test

architectual drafting

the creation of drawings and models used to build structure

electrical drafting

formulate charts, plans and drawings that consist of electric wiring designs, which are used to set up and restore electrical equipment

mechanical drafting

based on technical drafting and computer-aided drafting (CAD) that concentrates on blueprints of machines and machine components used by engineers. Deals with 2d and 3d drafting and robotics

line conventions

Standardization of lines used on technical drawings by line weight and style.

dimensioning

The process of placing measurements and notes on a drawing to completely communicate its meaning.

orthographic

2D flat reprsentation of a 3D object (ortho means straight, rectangular, upright) view of an object when you look at the top, front, back, left, right.

auxiliary view

planes through the object which are not common planes, surfaces that dont line up with the 3 major axes. view that is used to show features that are located on an inclined surface in true size and shape. is an orthographic view which is projected onto any plane other than the frontal, horizontal, or profile plane. (aux means to help)

resolution

number of lines per inch that a device can create

touch screen

Arrays of infrared light sources and array of

detectors are used to generate invisible light

grids. A finger interrupts two light beams and

provides x and y coordinates.

AC

alternating current. the flow of charge that changes direction periodically. As a result, the voltage level also reverses along with the current. AC is used to deliver power to houses, office buildings, etc.

DC

direct current. an electric current that flows in one direction steadily. provides a constant current or voltage. Batteries provide DC, which is generated from a chemical reaction inside of the battery. Everything that runs off of a battery, plugs in to the wall with an AC adapter, or uses a USB cable for power relies on DC.

Kirchoff's law

law that deals with the conservation of energy around a closed circuit path. His voltage law states that for a closed loop series path the algebraic sum of all the voltages around any closed loop in a circuit is equal to zero.

Ohm's law

how electrical resistance is measured; current = voltage/resistance or I = V × R which means current will rise when voltage rises but resistance is cut in half

analog circuit

information is translated into electric pulses of varying amplitude. denoted by sine waves. example: human voice

digital circuit

translation of information is into binary format (zero or one) where each bit is representative of two distinct amplitudes. denoted by square waves. example: computer, CD

electrical current

the flow of electrons. it only exists when there is a flow of electrons in one direction. it's measured in amperes (A).

1 ampere (A)

how we measure the strength of electrical currents and says how many electrons pass a fixed point in one second. the flow of one coulomb of charge per second.

coulomb's law

describes the relationship between 2 charged particles. F=k(q:q q2/d2) where f is force and q are 2 different particles and d2 is distance. like charges repel and opposite charges attract.

1 amp of current in 1 second. describes the magnitude of a charge but amps are the moving charge, the current, so they are more important :p

electrical resistance

the property of a material that resists electric current, measured in ohms. some metals, like copper, have no resistance while rubber has a high resistance.

voltage

this is pressure in an electrical system that pushes the electrons in a direction. there must be a difference in pressure on opposing ends of the circuit. example: battery which has high pressure on one end and low pressure on the other.

nuclear energy

the potential energy stored in the nucleus of an atom that is separated with nuclear fission. a chain reaction then happens which makes energy in the form of heat. this heat goes into water in nuclear reactors, steam rises up, goes into turbines which power electric generators.

fuel cell

A device that converts hydrogen or another fuel into electricity. It powers space shuttles and buildings. Cant use it on cars because the amount of hydrogen gas needed to power a car has too much volume to work

electrical charge

an excess or deficit of electrons on an object. like charges repel, opposite charges attract

fossil fuel

made of dead fossils that are hydrogen and carbon. coal is carbon. gas is in porous rocks (main ingredient in it is methane). oil in porous rocks or in pools and then is purified to be gas, kerosene, diesel

router

device that routes packets of data between two or more networks, the internet

cache memory

in the CPU, its a type of high-speed memory used to hold frequently used data immediately

main memory in CPU

area in which a computer stores info, has RAM and read-only memory, ROM, which enables BIOS operation

bus

The electronic pathways between hardware components used to transfer data back and forth.

CAD

computer aided design; created 2D vector based drawing and 3D solid and surface modeling

tolerances

the limits from identified criteria that will be allowed during production, such as height or width

dimensions

Measurements in width, length, and sometimes depth

section lines, or cross-hatching

Thin lines used in a section view to indicate where the cutting plane line has cut through material.

phantom line

Lines that are made visible as dots or dashes. they stand for an object not included in the assembly or part specs

soler and peters 1993

protects confidentially of students

transmission

part of a machine that directs the energy created to the intended task.

Power is transmitted to the ENGINE, then the crankshaft which creates torque, or rotational force, and then sends it to the axles which sends it to the WHEELS

SPC

Statistical Process Control. control tools such as control charts are used by quality engineers to identify statistical variations within a process. help decide the specific metrics that should be monitored and the method by which they should be sampled

Six Sigma

A business process for improving quality, reducing costs, and increasing customer satisfaction

lean manufacturing

manufacturing whose goal is to eliminate waste in all aspects of the process

excel formula to add cells

=SUM(A1:A2) entered into cell A3

patent

inventor can exclude others from using, selling or importing the technology for the duration of the patent

GD&T

Geometric Dimensioning and Tolerancing, engineer drawings follow standard conventions that mandate the use of certain layouts, typefaces, etc

how to treat deep cuts

apply CONSTANT pressure until bleeding has stopped. once it has stopped, wrap the wound with cloth and leave it alone.

when not to move people

if head or back injury

parallel projection

uses perspective to represent a 3D object in 2D on a flat piece of paper. the projection lines that run parallel on the paper run parallel in real life.

oblique projection

take parallel projection lines and have them intersect the viewing plane at an angle OTHER THAN 90 degrees.

plane projection

imaginary flat plane in which an image is created

perspective projection

a 3D object can be represented by projecting points upon a picture plane using straight lines converging at a fixed point, representing the eye of the viewer.

ISO 9000

International Orgz for Standardization, quality standards for products

auto engine blocks are made of

iron

ship hulls are made of

steel

airplanes are made of

aluminum alloys & composite materials

pistons in the engine are made of

aluminum

software developer

aka analyst developer, programmer. examines requirements for applications and translates them into program specs, design, write, test and use programs to solve problems.

business systems analyst

aka business systems planner and solutions architect. identify the business and info needs and then enhance productivity by developing new IT solutions

database programmer

aka database coordinator and database admin. design, implement and maintain database. develop strategies to improve database

information systems analyst

aka information systems designer. decides whether or not the computer system is fulfilling the orgz's need in the most efficient manner. need to know telecom technology, software apps and business operations

piston

movable part in the cylinder forced into motion by explosion of fuel

crankshaft

The power from the engine is too fast for the wheels so it goes here. The cylinders with pistons in them make an up and down motion which turns into circular motion which creates torque, or rotational force, and that is sent to the transmission which sends it to the wheels.

1st phase of the engineering design process

RESEARCH

2nd phase of the engineering design process

CONCEPTUALIZE potential solutions

trigger word

say a word associated with a problem until this leads to words that create solutions

morphological chart

design characteristics of the problem and then propose solutions for each characteristic

phases of the engineering design process

research, conceptualize (brainstorm), feasibility, design, preliminary design, detailed design, production planning and tool design, production (RCF DPD PP)

3rd phase of the engineering design process

FEASIBILITY assessment. its to determine whether or not the solution is possible by asking: is it based on an achievable idea AND is the project within the cost constraints?

4th phase of the engineering design process

DESIGN requirements. its to establish the software and hardware parameters and testability, maintainability and other key requirements. it's carried out with the feasibility phase

physics: Bernoulli's principle

when the speed of an inviscid (not sticky) flow increases, the pressure (or potential energy) of the flow will decrease AKA fast flow: lower pressure, faster air, slower static pressure & higher dynamic pressure. EXAMPLES: carburetors & pitot tubes

carburetor

Provides fuel and air to the engine in appropriate proportions and volume.

vaporizes gas before it enters the cylinders.

physics: Aerodynamics

4 forces relevant to flight: thrust, lift, drag, weight. to achieve flight, all forces must be balanced.

thrust

reaction force explained by Newton's 2nd and 3rd laws. When mass is accelerated in one direction, it will generate an equal force in the opposite direction. Jet engines, propeller blades and rockets generate thrust by pushing air in the direction opposite to flight.

lift

a force that is generated perpendicular to the oncoming air flow (using Bernoulli's Principle). Airplane wings are designed to take advantage of lift (climbing, descending, banking)

drag

a force that's generated parallel to the oncoming airflow and OPPOSES the motion of an object.

5th phase of the engineering design process

aka embodiment design. defines the overall system design: layouts, diagrams, schematics. early diagrams.

6th phase of the engineering design process

detailed design phase

7th phase of the engineering design process

production planning and tool design. a plan is made for mass producing the product and identifies the tools needed. working prototype is made and tested.

8th phase of the engineering design process

production!

resource leveling

balance the uses of resources by eliminating inventory shortage & excess. a technique for resolving resource conflicts by delaying tasks

terminal elements

basic work activities that can be divided into smaller tasks

work schedule

breaks a project down into its most basic terminal elements, or work activities. has estimates for resources, duration of work activities, arrange them by order of completion

Gantt chart

A horizontal bar chart that graphically displays project tasks and durations. It shows terminal elements, or work activities

safety or risk assessments involve 3 steps

1) identify the hazard 2) perform a dose response analysis to see dosage necessary to produce a response 3) perform exposure quantification to determine the dosage the population is to receive

historical context of the car

granted a patent to Benz in 1885.

historical context of the plane

1903. Wilbur and Orville Wright. they used aerodynamic principles, drag and lift, to develop the first power and controlled flight.

historical context of the integrated circuit

1958 by Kilby of TI and Noyce of Fairchild. led to the development of the microchip by enabling semiconductor devices to perform the same functions as vacuum tubes. revolutionized electronic equipment, leading to PC, cell phones, etc

historical context of the internet

1983 by Kahn and Cerf who came about with the first TCP/IP protocol.

integrated circuit

A group of tiny TRANSISTORS and electric wires built ON a SILICON wafer, or chip.

vacuum tube

A tube that resembles a light bulb, was used in first generation computers. controls the flow of electrons in a vacuum. electricity passes through it.

semiconductor

a material that conducts current under certain conditions

TCP/IP protocol

a scheme of 5 protocol types arranged in layers. protocls are rules determining transmission of data.

rules governing the transfer of information between computers = the rules.

how to help electrocuted person

don't touch them! if power cant be turned off, use a piece of nonconducting material (lumber) to separate them from energized conductor. damaged equipment can be hazardous!

s curve

Nearly all technology cycles follow this pattern of innovation with upwards, stabilized and then downward growth. also called diffusion

synergistic

works together

role of the career and technical education curriculum advisory committee aka CTE

to establish criteria and tools that the state and district will use to evaluate courses. also, to determine if CTE courses fulfill their requirements

anecdotal record

informal measurement based on observation of student work or performance

steel

metal alloy that is made by alloying iron with carbon

alloy hardness

increased levels of carbon increase this

ductility

the ability of a substance to be pulled into a wire, twisted and warped. the levels of this go down when carbon levels go up and the alloy hardens

flat carbon steel

used in major appliances, like cars and boats.

stainless steel

an alloy of iron, carbon, and nickel or chromium.

steel containing chromium that makes it resistant to corrosion. used in medical and surgical equipment and cutting tools.

aluminum alloys

aerospace, shipbuilding, cycling and automotive industries.

long steel

high strength wires, bridges, building structures.