unit 11 maddox us1h

Border states

Slave states that did not go to the Confederates

North battle cry

“On to Richmond”

Battle of Bull Run/Manassas Junction

• first battle

• Stonewall Jackson became famous

• Takes the Anaconda Plan

• Cuts off western states by controlling Mississippi River

Stonewall Jackson

Thomas Jackson was nicknamed this after the First Battle of Bull Run since he stands like a stonewall against the enemy

Peninsula Campaign

Union leader, George McClellan, had a string of defeats

• McClellan took too much time to advance the troops so South had time to prepare

• General Lee cleared the peninsula of McClellan’s troops

Tardy George

George McClellan’s nickname after the Peninsula Campaign

Burnside Slaughter Pen

• General Ambrose Burnside led forces under frontal attacks even thought Confederates had the higher advantage

• Heavy casualties on either side → mentioned in killer angels

Trent Affair

• Union ship going from Florida to Cuba

• Confederate envoys, Mason and Slidel, were stopped in the Great Britain ship, Trent

• Britain was mad to be stopped even as a neutral nation

Failure of cotton diplomacy

Confederates were sure they could bring Britain into their side cuz of cotton

• South was so efficient that Britain had a surplus that they could fall back on at beginning of the war

• Could get their cotton from other textile nations

• North was sending their excess crops that Britain could not risk losing due to their famine

Lincoln’s expansions of presidential powers

• expanded army without Congress approval

• Blockade states

• Suspended habeas corpus

• Freed slaves as a military necessity

• Declared Marshall law in some states

Copperheads

Northern Democrats pressing Lincoln to stop war

Radical Republicans

Want more war and a complete end to slavery

Federal Conscription Law

• Men 20-25 had to draft for war

• North drafts this, but even without it, 90% of army were volunteers

• People pay others to take their spot

$300 men

Paid poor men $300 to take their spot

Cradle to grave effort

Confederates drafted men between 17-50

Rich man war, poor man’s fight

Confederates exempted one slave owner for every 20 slaves

North’s push for a solidified government

Now that the South was not there, Republicans can restructure by passing a ton of new bills

Morrill Tariff Act

Raised the tariffs

Homestead Act

150 acres of free land if you farm and tend to it for multiple years

Pacific Railway Act

Authorizes the construction of the first transcontinental railroad

National Bank Acts

Passed the national bank

Legal Tender Bill

Authorized income tax

Morrill Land Grant Act

States set up universities to promote education for farming

Team of Rivals

Lincoln’s cabinet where it filled with not like minded individuals

Election of 1864

• No president in 30 years have won a second term

• Northern Democrats are mad about Emancipation Proclamation

• Representatives meet in Baltimore and choose Lincoln

• Vice President is Andrew Johnson from Tennessee (trying to lure TN back to the Union)

Revolving door of generals

Lincoln had widespread criticism for how he was handling the war

Sherman capturing Georgia

Key turning point in the 1864 election with a surge of support for Lincoln

Confiscation Act #1

Slaves are considered contraband so they have to be set free, which will help them fight with the Union

Confiscation Act #2

Any slaves belonging to active Confederate members should be set free, even if they don’t fight in the war

Confiscation acts

First steps to ending slavery

13th Amendment

• gives full emancipation and elimination of Constitutional protection of slavery

• Can not be easily reversed by future leaders

• Lincoln’s assassination is what gets it ratified

General Joseph Hooker

Commanded the army of the Potomac

• nicknamed: Fighting Joe

Battle of Chancellorsville

• Lee defeated the Union objectives but not the Union army

• Hooker managed to get away, but his best officer, Jackson, died

Turning points of the war

Gettysburg and Vicksburg

Vicksburg

• Grant was going to Vicksburg, Mississippi which was one of the Confederacy’s 2 remaining strongholds on Mississippi River

• Vicksburg residents were starving due to the siege and surrendered

NOW CONTROLLED THE WHOLE LENGTH OF THE MISSISSIPPI RIVER

Which war did Grant make a name for himself?

Vicksburg

Gettysburg

• the most important battle in the Civil War

• Lee wanted to win so that England and France might help the Confederaxy

• Bloodiest battle

Gettysburg Address

Comes back to Gettysburg where listeners stood transfixed and quiet

Western Theater

encompassed major military operations in the states of Alabama, Georgia, Florida, Mississippi, North Carolina, Kentucky, South Carolina and Tennessee, as well as Louisiana east of the Mississippi River.

Eastern theater

consisted of the major military and naval operations in the states of Virginia, West Virginia, Maryland, and Pennsylvania, the national capital in Washington, D.C., and the coastal fortifications and seaports of North Carolina.

Total war

Union leaders, Grant and Sherman, try to win by destroying Lee’s army

Meat grinder warfare

Grant doesn’t care how many people he loses as long as Lee loses as much or more

Sherman’s March to the Sea

from Chattanooga, TN to cause deliberate destruction through Georgia then South Carolina

• Burns Atlanta → destroys the home front fight

• seized Savannah, GA → Xmas gift to Lincoln

• Seized Columbia, SC → cradle of Confederacy

Wilderness Campaign

Grant constantly pursued Lee, hunting him down

Surrender at Appomattox Court House

Where Lee surrendered, but Grant still treated him with respect

Lincoln’s death impact to South

• loses best hope for a mild peace

• Andrew Johnson is the president now → gets destroyed and almost impeached

Lincoln’s 10% Plan

• minimum test of loyalty for Confederate states

• Will pardon states when 10% of population do an oath of allegiance to Union, Constitution, and Emancipation Proclamation

• Hoping to shorten war and not have Emancipation Proclamation overturned

Wade Davis Bill

Congress was dissatisfied with 10% Bill → cessionists could rebel again

• required 15%

• Only non-Confederates could make state constitutions

• Lincoln kills with the pocket veto

Freedmen’s Bureau

Gives food, shelter, and medical aid was given to blacks and whites that were left after war

• who gets the land: pardoned people or poor people?

Oliver O. Howard

Union general who established 3,000 schools for blacks → included several historical black schools

Radical Republicans

Charles Sumner, Thaddeus Stevens, Ben Wade

Andrew Johnson

• entered politics as the poor white against rich Democrats → resents Joe he was cut off from the planter elites

• Never gets accepted by any group politically

Black Codes

• laws that reinstate slavery without saying slavery for freedmen

• Blacks were denounced as a disgrace and designed to make a stable labor force

• Southern become alarmed by the bump in population as 3/5 compromise is illegal now

Congressional Reconstruction

• Johnson vetoes 2 bills that Congress passed but override his veto

• Civil Rights Act of 1866, Joint Hoise and Senate Committee Report

Civil Rights Act of 1866

declared all persons born in the United States, except Native Americans not taxed, to be citizens and guaranteed them equal civil rights.

• in the future will turn this to 14th amendment so it can’t be overturned easily

Joint House and Senate Commitee Report

• Congress creates this

• More strict on Southern states

South needs to get agricultural economy started or they’ll starve

White men have land, freedmen have the labor

• tenant farming

• Sharecropping

• Crop lien system

Share cropping

• share profit of crop with masters

• Landowner gives seed, land, tools

• If crop fails, BOTH sides are destitute

• Cotton price plummets so prevents South from surviving

Union army in the south

Allows for the Republican Party to form in the South

• last to ratify is the 14th amendment is Florida

• Between that time Union party took control

Scalawag

New breed of republicans in south that was mainly made up of former Whigs

Carpetbaggers

Northerners who moved to the South, mainly business owners

Blanch Bruce

First black Senator from Mississippi

Hiram Revels

First Black African American Senator

Joseph Rainey

first black person to serve in the United States House of Representatives

President Grant Scandals

• Credit Mobilier Affair

• Tweed Ring

• Whiskey Ring

Credit Mobilier Affair

• in the background during the Transcontinental Railroad construction

• Blind eye on how it was built and paid

• Fake companies had bills so government was slaying extra back → skin off as much money from government

• Gave stock to Congress as hush money

• Yazoo Land Frand but bigger

Tweed Ring

• Political machine controlled the governor and district attorneys

• So big that it would crush anyone that speaks out

• Had cartoons to ridicule this scandal

William Tweed

The tweed Ring was run by this New York Democratic Party leader

Thomas Nast

New York Times Cartoonist that drew cartoons to ridicule the Tweed Ring

Samuel Tilden

The prosecutor of the Tweed Ring who became famous for taking them down

Whiskey Ring

• involved tax agents and the liquor agencies

• Liquor store can pay tax revenue less than what they government

• Public were frauds by loss of tax revenue

• Tax agents don’t get in trouble only the liquor stores do

Liberal Republicans

Some republicans split out of the outrage towards Grant administration during Election of 1872

• get out of the railroad building

• Removal of troops in the South

• Reduce tariffs

Panics time 1872

Overspending of railroads and companies

Greenback Labor Party

Forms because they want easy money during Election of 1872

• more money to be printed

• Business owners and banks don’t want that due to crazy inflation → want hard currency

Election of 1872

Main problems were corruption, panic time, and reconstruction issues

Horace Greeley - Liberal Republicans

Ulysses S. Grant - Republicans

Greenback Labor Party

GRANTS GETS ELECTED FOR SECOND TERM

Horace Greeley

Liberal Republican candidate in election of 1872

• editor of a newspaper

Democrats redeemed government

• once Union troops were removed, the Republican window of participation closed

• Union troops were removed due to the compromise of 1877

KKK

Once Union troops were removed, gave rise to the KKK

• reaction to radical reconstruction

• Whole purpose was to give intimidation

• Made it too okay to see them less than human

Nathan Bedward Forrest

Founded the KKK

Force Acts

Congress tries to react to KKK

• loses their will to stop activity

• Black loses their voice

This is when Democrats take over the state government

Amnesty Acts

removed most of the penalties imposed on former Confederates by the Fourteenth Amendment

Supreme Court influence

• ex parte Merryman

• Cummings V. Missouri/ex parte Garland

• Slaughter House Cases

Ex parte Merryman

Lincoln couldn’t suspend habeas corpus

Cummings V. Missouri/ex parte Garland

Loyalty oaths required of Southerners before re-entry into the Union

• deemed unconstitutional as violations to no bill of attainder and ex posto facto

Slaughter House Cases

• said they could only use specific slaughter houses for local butchers

• SCOTUS says that state governments can’t dictate people’s actions

• Shrinks reach of 14th Amendment

Civil Rights Act of 1875

• Congress tries again to protect blacks

• People were already tired of the radicals and their efforts

Civil Rights Cases of 1883

Congress can’t legislate against the racial discrimination

Half-breeds

Republicans that were against Grant running

Stalwarts

Republicans that were for Grant running

Rutherford B. Hayes

Republican Party settles for him for the election of 1876

• runs on promise for civil service reform

• Protect protective tariffs

Samuel Tilden

Democrats run him for Election of 1876

• Gets more popular votes and electoral votes but one vote short

Election of 1876 drama

• Tilden is one vote short from winning so challenges 3 states because they were under carpet bagger governments

• Had a special commuter to determine but the impartial members dropped out so there were more Republicans

• Democrats threatened to filibuster if Hayes won so both parties made the Compromise of 1877 instead

Compromise of 1877

Rutherford B. Hayes will be President as long as we bring troops home

• government also agrees to build a Southern transcontinental railroad