Practical Research 2 Periodical Test Flashcards

Research Topic

A general area of interest for the researcher.

Relevance

Importance to the target audience and daily life.

Interest

Should engage readers and motivate the researcher.

Manageability

Must be feasible within the researcher’s abilities and time constraints.

Availability of Resources

Sufficient references should be accessible for consultation.

Caution

Avoid very recent or highly technical topics due to limited resources or understanding.

Brainstorm for Ideas

Write down keywords or concepts related to interesting ideas.

Branch Out Ideas

Focus broad ideas into specific topics through discussions.

Gather Background Information

Use reliable sources for foundational knowledge.

Narrow Down the Topic

Ensure the topic is focused enough for research formulation.

Research Title

Summarizes the main idea of the research paper.

Good Research Title

Predicts content, engages the reader, reflects the tone, and contains important keywords.

DO’s in Writing the Research Title

Describe the topic, method, sample, and results; use current terminology; keep the title concise; use declarative or question form.

DONT’s in Writing the Research Title

Avoid overly general titles, uncommon abbreviations, wordy phrases, indicating the year, and jargon.

Background of the Study

Establishes the context of the study, including subject descriptions and historical background.

Describe the Study

Nature, features, and merits of the topic.

Literature Review

Summarize major studies and group authors with similar views.

Current Situation

Discuss educational problems based on observations.

Identify Gaps

Highlight contradictions in knowledge from literature and observations.

Research Gap

Unaddressed aspects or inconclusive findings in the current state of the field.

Contribution of the Study

Explain how the study will fill the identified gap.

Research Problem

Specific issue to be addressed, identifying variables and relationships.

Steps in Identifying the Research Problem

Conduct preliminary research, prepare a concept map, identify the research problem from clusters.

Research Question

Defines the research problem and guides the study.

General Research Question

Related to quantitative research (effects, relationships).

Specific Research Problem

Anchored on the general question, aids in data collection.

Descriptive Research Questions

Used to quantify variables through surveys, often starting with "how often," "how much," etc.

Correlational Research Questions

Understand associations between variables, starting with "What is the relationship."

Ex Post Facto Research Questions

Seeks to discover causes of phenomena.

True/Quasi-experimental Research Questions

Establishes comparisons between groups based on dependent variables.

Significance of the Study

Details contributions and benefits of the study to various stakeholders.

Tips in Writing the Significance of the Study

Refer to the problem statement for specific contributions; write from general to specific.

Formats for Writing the Significance of the Study

Topical arrangement based on individual contributions; enumeration arranged according to beneficiaries.

Scope

Describes the parameters of the study and sets boundaries in terms of specific aspects.

Delimitation

Defines factors consciously controlled by the researcher, such as population size and study setting.

Importance of Inclusion and Exclusion

Reasons for including or excluding variables should be provided based on the study's nature.

Literature Review

An academic text that provides an overview of a topic, identifying known and unknown aspects.

Key Functions of Literature Review

Contextualizes contributions, describes relationships among works, and identifies gaps in research.

Theory Development

Provides context for describing and evaluating new theories within a literature review.

Literature Search

A systematic search for reference materials relevant to the study, important for comprehensive research.

Provenance

Refers to the author's credentials and the publication source, crucial for evaluating sources.

Objectivity

The author's perspective and consideration of contrary data in scholarly works.

Boolean Searching Strategies

Techniques like AND, OR, NOT, and quotation marks to refine literature searches.

Importance of Citation

Demonstrates credibility, intellectual honesty, and provides evidence for claims in research.

In-text Citation

Indicates the source within the text, typically including the author's last name and year.

Reference Citation

Complete bibliographic information provided at the end of a paper.

APA Style

A citation style commonly used in social sciences.

MLA Style

A citation style used in humanities and arts.

Chicago Manual of Style

A citation style used in various disciplines, especially history.

Purpose of Evaluation

Performed after selecting potential references to screen for reliability and usefulness.

Material Relevance

Avoid materials that do not directly explain concepts related to the study; prefer references published within the last five years.

Organizing References

Group references according to categories used during literature search and read materials for key information.

Drafting the Literature Review

Divide the review into Conceptual Literature and Related Studies.

Conceptual Literature

Use concepts from the title or specific questions of your research.

Related Studies Arrangement

Group studies by theme, chronology, or type (foreign/local).

Thematic Arrangement

Focus on similarities and differences with previous studies.

Chronological Arrangement

Emphasize development in the field.

Typological Arrangement

Highlight local studies on the topic.

Synthesis and Definitions

Write a synthesis at the end of related studies to show research gaps and define important terms.

Cohesiveness in Writing

Use cohesive devices to link ideas and implement headings and subheadings.

Final Synthesis

Write a brief synthesis at the end to show how scholarly works shape your paper and cite all sources appropriately.

Important Skills in Drafting

Synthesizing and note-taking are essential for integrating information.

Microlevel Synthesis

Consolidation of ideas to explain a concept.

Macrolevel Synthesis

Consolidate studies to establish research gaps and draw conclusions based on similarities and differences.

Key Strategies for Synthesizing

Note similarities and differences, identify unaddressed issues, and arrange studies logically.

Summarizing

Condense lengthy source material into concise summaries.

Paraphrasing

Reword ideas from original text while retaining the original tone and ensuring accuracy.

Summarization Steps

Read, annotate, identify main ideas, and combine sentences into a coherent paragraph.

Paraphrasing Steps

Read thoroughly, highlight relevant phrases, and transform sentence structures while comparing with the original.

Objective Reporting

Reporting findings from cited studies without distortion to support personal claims.

Citing Sources

Acknowledging relevant studies to practice intellectual honesty.

Avoiding Fabrication

Not fabricating information or reporting false data in research.

Plagiarism Prevention

Avoiding the use of others' ideas without proper attribution.

Level 1 Plagiarism

Copying a full paper word for word without acknowledgment.

Level 2 Plagiarism

Lifting up to 50% of a work without citation.

Level 3 Plagiarism

Copying specific portions (sentences/paragraphs) without citation.

Level 4 Plagiarism

Failing to cite or correctly paraphrase used works.

Level 5 Plagiarism

Citing a source but heavily copying from it.

How to Avoid Plagiarism

Keeping track of all sources and understanding their context.

Theoretical Framework (TF)

A general frame for observation, concept design, research design, and findings interpretation.

Conceptual Framework (CF)

A system of ideas and theories specific to the study, functioning as a research map.

Presentation

The use of visual (diagrams/charts) and narrative (explanatory paragraphs) methods in research.

Similarities of TF and CF

Both provide comprehensive explanations and justify research methods.

Differences of TF and CF

TF is broader and derived from existing theories; CF is narrower and specific to the study.

Selecting Theoretical Framework

Understanding variables and their relationships and reviewing existing literature for relevant theories.

Developing Conceptual Framework

Identifying key concepts from research questions and plotting the framework.

Hypothesis of the Study

A testable statement predicting relationships between variables.

Null Hypothesis (Ho)

A hypothesis stating no relationship between variables.

Alternative Hypothesis (Ha)

A hypothesis stating there is a relationship between variables.

Directional Hypothesis

Specifies the nature of the relationship (positive/negative).

Non-Directional Hypothesis

Does not specify the nature of the relationship.

Definition of Terms

An annex listing acronyms, jargon, and key terms in a study.

Conceptual Definition

A universal meaning understood by many, akin to dictionary definitions.

Operational Definition

A specific meaning in the context of the study that allows measurement.

Guidelines for Defining Terms

Define unique terms, use operational definitions, and ensure clarity and brevity.

Research

Essential for problem-solving and achieving goals.

Inventions and Discoveries

Improve knowledge and quality of life.

Knowledge Expansion

Research expands knowledge and understanding.

Research Methods

Involves gathering information with qualitative and quantitative designs.

Practical Research 2

Focuses on a quantitative approach in senior high school.