Anml Sc 511 - Exam #5: Digestive/Respiratory/Gastrointestinal Systems

upper

Functions of the Larynx

Part of the __________ airway

voice

Functions of the Larynx

__________ production

inhalation

Functions of the Larynx

Prevent _____________ of foreign matter

vocal box

Reminder: the larynx is our ___________

airflow

Functions of the Larynx

Control of _______ to lungs

conduit

Getting something from point A to point B

trachea

Windpipe of the body

short, wide

The Trachea = Windpipe

• ______________ tube

  • fibrous tissue + smooth muscle + cartilage rings

thorax

The Trachea = Windpipe

• extends: larynx into __________ then divides

  • bifurcation of the trachea

furcate

Meaning to fork/branch off

collapse

The Trachea

C-shaped rings prevent __________ during inhalation

• ciliated lining

• mucous layer

lower respiratory

_________________ tract = the bronchial tree

• bronchi

• bronchioles

• alveolar ducts

• alveoli

diameter

Autonomic nervous system controls ____________ of tubes

• bronchodilation

• bronchoconstriction

capillaries

Alveoli are surrounded by _________________

lungs

• cone-like shape

• light, spongy

• base lies directly on diaphragm

mediastinum

• area between lungs

• contains the heart, trachea, esophagus, blood vessels

lobes

The lungs are subdivided into __________

external

Part of the Lungs called grooves

internal

Part of the Lungs that have major branches of bronchi

pulmonary

Deoxygenated blood enters lungs through the _________ artery

circulation

In Pulmonary _________________

• deoxygenated blood enters lungs

• vessels divide, follow bronchial tree

• capillary networks around alveoli

  • CO2 and O2 are exchanged

hilus

A groove or cleft in an organ where blood vessels and nerves enter or exit through it.

aveoli

• tiny, thin-walled sacs surrounded by capillaries

• sacs lined with fluid: contains surfactant

• external respiration: in alveoli

  • oxygen and carbon dioxide exchanged between blood and air

500 million

How many aveoli do humans have?

thorax

Chest cavity

• area bounded by

  • thoracic vertebrae

  • ribs

  • sternum

  • intercostal muscles

surfactant

• made in the alveoli

• prevent the alveoli from collapsing

• reduces surface tension at the air–water interface in the alveoli

trachea, lungs, heart, large blood vessels, esophagus

Main contents of the Thorax

(hint: look at picture)

diaphragm

• thin sheet of skeletal muscle

• forms caudal boundary of thorax

respiratory muscle

The diaphragm acts as a _____________________

• bases of lungs lie on cranial surface

• dome-shaped: relaxed

• flattens: muscle contracts and enlarges volume of thorax

mediastinum

Heart is sitting in the __________________

Intrathoracic

Negative _____________________ Pressure

• partial vacuum within thorax

  • pulls lungs tight against thoracic wall

• lungs follow thoracic wall and diaphragm

  • inspiration and expiration

pneumothorax

Occurs when air leaks into the space between the lung and chest wall, causing the lung to collapse.

lungs

______________ cannot move on their own

inspiration

____________________ = Inhalation

• to draw air into lungs

• volume of thorax enlarges

  • lungs follow passively

  • air is drawn into lungs

main inspiratory muscles

Diaphragm and external intercostal muscles

expiration

_____________________ = Exhalation

• push air out of lungs

• opposite of inspiration

  • size of thorax decreases

  • lungs compressed

  • air is pushed out

Respiratory Volumes

quantity of air respired

tidal volume

vol of air moved in/out during normal breathing

carbon dioxide

Every celll in the body makes ________________

minute volume

vol of air breathed in 1 min

Acid-Base Balance

The more CO2, the lower the blood pH

7.4

normal pH of blood

medulla oblongata

Breathing controlled by brain

• directs timing and strength of muscle contraction

Respiratory Center

• individual control centers for inspiration, expiration

• controlled consciously, mechanically or chemically

automatic system

• nerve impulses sent to respiratory center

• indicate lungs inflation

• lungs full: inspiration stopped, expiration are started

• lungs empty: expiration is stopped; inspiration started

Mechanical

________________ Control System for Breathing

• stretch receptors in lungs

• preset, automatic system

• net effect is normal, rhythmic, resting breathing baseline pattern

Chemical

_______________ Control System for Breathing

• change breathing only when out of balance

  • makes adjustments (homeostasis)

• chemical receptors monitor blood

  • in carotid artery, aorta, and brain stem

• characteristics monitored

  • CO2 content

  • the pH

  • O2 content

Carbon dioxide

_____________ Variations in the Blood

• blood CO2 and blood pH usually linked

• increased CO2 in blood

  • decreases blood pH

  • triggers respiratory center to increase RR, depth

• decreased CO2 in blood

  • increases blood pH

  • triggers respiratory center to decrease RR, depth

increased CO2 in blood

• decreases blood pH

• triggers respiratory center to increase RR, depth

decreased CO2 in blood

• increases blood pH

• triggers respiratory center to decrease RR, depth

Oxygen

____________________ Variations in the Blood

• effects of variations not as clear-cut as with CO2

slight hypoxia

Respiratory center signaled to increase RR, depth

severe hypoxia

Respiratory center so depressed that impulses cannot be sent to respiratory muscles

• can cause breathing to decrease or stop completely

ruminants

Herbivores like cattle, sheep and goats

• very specialized animals

non-ruminants

Herbivores like horses and rabbits

• Do not have a rumen; don’t sufficiently digest plants

cats

Carnivores that eat only meat

humans, pigs, dogs

Omnivores that eat both plants and animals.

digestion

• disassemble large molecules

• small molecules enter the body

mechanical digestion

GI tract movements during breakdown processes

chemical digestion

chemical reactions during breakdown processes

GI

means Gastral Intestinal

tube

oral cavity to anus

• includes:

  • oral cavity

  • esophagus

  • stomach

  • small intestine

  • large intestine

mucosa, submucosa, muscular layers, serosa

4 layers of tissue in the GI Tract

Buccal Cavity

The Oral Cavity = Mouth = ___________

• entrance to the GI tract

• 2 parts

  • vestibule

  • oral cavity

vestibule

Part of the Mouth: between lips/cheeks, and outside of teeth

rabbits

________________ can’t always eat carrots, they need grass as well

oral cavity

Part of the Mouth: inside of teeth, and hard and soft palates

amino acids

sub-units of proteins

mechanical breakdown

_________________ is not enough for most animals to digest food

enzymes

chemical reactions that break things down into digestible amino acids

the teeth

embedded in upper maxilla and lower mandible

open

The GI Tract is __________ to the outside environment unlike the respiratory and circulatory systems

crown, root, apex, neck

parts of a tooth

cats, snake and teenagers

____________ don’t chew a lot

dentin

• bulk of tooth

• surrounds pulp cavity w/blood and nerves

dentin

periodontal membrane

Thousands of little fibers that attach the surface of the tooth to the side of the socket (or alveoli)

cementum

thin bone

gingiva

Scientific name for gum

Dental Formula

number of each type on one side of upper and lower jaws

baby teeth

Deciduous Teeth = Milk Teeth = ____________

2

all domestic species: __ sets of teeth

deciduous and permanent

The 2 sets of teeth every animal has

deciduous teeth

__________________ = Milk Teeth = Baby Teeth

• smaller, whiter

• present at birth

• erupt through gums at different times, depending on species

enamel

The crown of a tooth eventually leads to the _________

incisor, canine, premolar, molar

4 types of teeth of different shapes and sizes each has a different function

dog

A cat has fewer teeth than a ________

permanent teeth

adult teeth

brachyodont teeth

• found it…

  • carnivores, humans, pigs

  • also ruminant incisors

• small crowns, well-developed roots

• do not grow continually

hypsodont teeth

• found in…

  • horse’s incisors and cheek teeth

  • boar’s canine teeth

  • rodents, lagomorphs

• large reserve of crown beneath gingiva

• “grow” continually

the tongue

• muscular: ventral oral cavity

• epithelium

  • stratified squamous

• papillae: dorsal surface

• mechanical functions…

  • grooming, moving food to pharynx

• specialized functions…

  • taste, pain, temperature, touch, thermoregulation (panting)

epithelium

stratified squamous of the tongue

papillae

dorsal surface of the tongue

grooming, moving food to pharynx

mechanical functions of the tongue

taste, pain, temperature, touch, thermoregulation (panting)

specialized functions of the tongue

saliva

• deposited into oral cavity via ducts

• production varies

  • herbivores the most

mainly water, salivary bicarbonate, enzymes

saliva composition

Lysozyme

Damage bacteria…

• tears (for the eyes)

• phagocytes (part of the immune system)

amylase

The pancreases makes ________ which digest starch in the salivary glands.

• antibodies on tongue

lubrication, enzymatic digestion, antibacterial action, pH regulation, thermoregulation

saliva functions