Cell Theory

Organelles

Structures within a cell that perform a specific job; tiny organ

Prokaryotic

Simplest; has no nucleus or membrane-bound organelles

Bacteria and Archaea

The only modern prokaryotes

Eukaryotes

More advanced (evolved); has a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles

• includes all cells other than eukaryotes: protist, fungus, plants, animals

Cell membrane (found in ALL cells)

• Plasma membrane

• The outer boundary

• Phospholipid bilayer

• Regulates what goes in/out (doorman)

Cytoplasm (found in ALL cells)

• Fluid/material that fills the cell between plasma membrane and nucleus

• Water, enzymes, salts, organelles

• Excludes the nucleus

Ribosome (found in ALL cells)

• Sit of protein synthesis

• Translates genetic code into a string of amino acids

DNA (found in ALL cells)

• Deoxyribonucleic acid

• Carries genetic codes for development and function of an organism

Nucleus (found ONLY in eukaryotic cells)

• The control center of the cell

• Contains DNA

Endoplasmic Reticulum (found ONLY in eukaryotic cells)

• “ER”

• Canal-like structures

• Transport materials

• Smooth - no ribosomes

  • Synthesize and transport lipids

• Rough - with ribosomes

  • Protein production and transport

Golgi apparatus (found ONLY in eukaryotic cells)

• Processes, sorts, and packages proteins for distribution

Lysosomes (found ONLY in eukaryotic cells)

• Packaged by Golgi bodies

• Contain digestive enzymes

• “Clean up” cell wastes

• Can also “destroy” the cell at it’s end of life

Mitochondrion (found ONLY in eukaryotic cells)

• Mitochondria

• The cells “power house”

• Site of cellular respiration

• Where ATP is produced

• Cells that require more energy will have more

Vacuole (found ONLY in eukaryotic cells)

• A storage area

• Small in animal cells - sequester waste/hold recyclable materials

• Larger in plants - helps maintain water balance

Cytoskeletons (found ONLY in eukaryotic cells)

• Protein filaments that gives a cell shape

• Assists the movement of organelles

Cell wall (NOT found in animal cells)

• Rigid, non-living permeable structure that supports & protects

• Found in cells from all Kingdoms except animals

• Made of the polysaccharide cellulose (fiber) in plants

Chloroplast (NOT found in animal cells)

• In cells that make their own food

• Photosynthesis!

• Contains green chlorophyll pigment

Central vacuole (NOT found in animal cells)

• Takes up majority of plant cell volume

• Stores water nutrients, and wastes

• Helps keep cells shape

Robert Hooke

Names the “cell”

Matthias Schleiden

Discovered that all plants are made of cells

Rudolf Virchow

Stated that living cells come only from other living cells

Theodor Schwann

Discovered that all animals are made of cells

False

The surface-area-volume ratio0requires that cells be large, so that materials cane move efficiently through the cell

Compound light microscope

A type of microscope that uses visible light and a series of lenses to magnify and observe small objects or specimens. It is one of the most commonly used in biology, medicine, and scientific research to study cells and small organisms.

Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM)

Allows us to see a magnified image of the interior of a specimen

Scanning electron microscope (SEM)

Allows us to see a magnified image of the surface of a specimen

Light microscope

Uses visible light to view an object

Electron microscope

Uses a beam of electrons to view an object