GEO CSEC STUDY

MAP WORK

MAP WORK

6 fig grid refrence

vertical lines first (bottom numbers)

use a ruler to measure then dived by then use ruler to then mark off at every interval (the ans)

Note: if it falls between 2 numbers use smaller number

Gradient

G= Hight difference/distance

note: always simplify and cancel zeros

note: the first number in the ration should always be 1 (so simplify further )

ex: 4/10 = 1:2.5

note: if given a statement scale to find the distance you must use a ruler to measure the map distance (point A to point B) then use the scale to calculate the ground distance

ENLARGE AND REDUCE

note: the smaller the scale (the bigger the number)

note: if original grid square 2cm x 2cm when reduced by half the new size will become 1cm x 1cm. If we enlarge it by 2x then the grid square will measure 4cm x 4cm.

enlarge

reduce

scale x ½

scale x 2/1

note:

for map sketch remember to add north line, key, title and scale

DIRECTION

DIRECTION

note:

nne & nnw is directly beside the N

sse & ssw is directly beside the S

after filling this out the rest of the 16 point compass is easy

note:

do not use nne, ssw etc unless it is absolutely obvious.

angular bearing of the points

n= 0, 360

e= 90

s= 180

w= 270

ne=45

nw= 315

se= 135

sw=225

protractor tips

• always draw a long north line

• when the protractor has to turn left draw a south line. then read using outer number still. then add 180

CROSS SECTION

remember to draw vertical line to cut the section if only part of it is shown then shade inside.

INTERVISIBILITY

mutual visibility between 2 point without obstruction

DESCRIBING VEGETATION

1.type:

natural

- forest & woodland: hilly areas, people avoid living

-trees and shrubs: low and drier areas

-swamps: areas of impeded drainage

-mangrove: close to the coast

cultivated

2.distribution

-elevation

-closeness to settlement

-closeness to coast

-extent: pockets or extensive areas

DESCRIBING LANDSCAPE

1.relief

-distribution, height and size of landforms

TYPES OF SLOPES

TYPES OF SLOPES

stepped slopes

alternating high and low

concave

steeper at the top than at the bottom

convex

steeper at the bottom and gentle at the top

uniform slope

straight slope with no significant interval variation

cliff

very steep slope (little or no vegetation)

LANDFORMS ON A MAP

-valley: low land with highland on both sides or v shaped contours

- depression: land rises around the area on all sides.

SECTION 2

SECTION 2

wave action

Wave action is the movement and force of ocean waves as they hit the shore.

It plays a big role in shaping coastlines through erosion, transportation, and deposition.

What is the coast?

where land meet the sea

COASTAL ERSOIONAL PROVCESSES

COASTAL ERSOIONAL PROVCESSES

hydraulic action

a physical process waves force air into joints and cracks causing the rocks to wedge, overtime the rocks become lose and fall into the water.

Abrasion

a physical process where waves caring bits of rock and sand grind against the coastline (in a Scouring motion) wearing it away over time

Attrition

a physical processes where destructive waves causse rocks and pebbles on the shore to smash together, getting smaller and smoother.

solution

a chemical process where acids in sea water dissolves rocks.

ex: limestone

WEATHERING PROCESSES

WEATHERING PROCESSES

physical

physical

Freeze-thaw

Frost action is a physical weathering process where water enters cracks in rocks, freezes, and expands, causing the rock to break apart over time.

This process occurs in regions where temperatures fluctuate above and below 0°C, especially in high altitudes and mountainous areas. These temperature changes allow water to freeze at night and melt during the day, repeating the cycle and widening the cracks. (add more on the exam)

Exfoliation:

a physical weathering process where Rock peels off in layers from repeated heating and cooling.

occurs in areas with drastic temperature change between day and night. (add more on the exam)

Abrasion

Rocks scrape or rub against each other.(add more on the exam)

chemical weathering

chemical weathering

Oxidation

Oxygen reacts with minerals (like iron) and causes rust.

Hydration

Water reacts with minerals, making them soft or crumbly.

feldspar > clay

anhydrite (AN-hy-drite) > gypsum

Carbonation

1. Carbon dioxide (CO₂) in the air mixes with rainwater

2. The rain becomes slightly acidic (called carbonic acid).

3. When this acid rain falls on rocks like limestone (made of calcium carbonate), it causes a reaction turning the calcium carbonate (limestone) into calcium bicarbonate

4. Calcium bicarbonate is soluble so it gets washed away.

biological weathering

biological weathering

Root action / root tension

Plant roots grow in cracks and split the rock.

(add more on the exam)

Animal activity

Burrowing animals break up rocks.

Organic Acid Weathering

Acids from plants, animals, or bacteria break down rock (chemical).

MASS MOVEMENT (MASS WASTING)

the downslope movement of soil and other materials due to gravity

SOIL

SOIL

what is soil?

how is it formed?

Soil, also commonly referred to as earth, is a mixture of organic matter, minerals, water, and air that together supports the life of plants and some organisms

soil is formed from rocks broken down into small pieces by weathering, which is then mixed with animal and plant decay (humus)

soil content

rock particles (minerals) - 45%

organic matter (humus) - 5%

water- 25%

air- 25%

types of soil

1. sand

2. clay

3. silt

4. Loam soil – A type of rich, fertile soil made of a good mix of sand, silt, and clay.

   • Ideal for farming and gardening.

   • Holds water but also drains well.

5. Latosol – soils found in humid tropical and equatorial regions

   - they are rich in iron and aluminum oxides, giving them a reddish or yellowish color

HYDROLOGICAL CYCLE

note: percolation and infiltration the same thing

limestone

has 50% or more calcium carbonate

how is it formed?

limestone is a sedementary rock formed when sea water is heated which results in calcium carbonate chemically being precipitated out as very fine prains called oolites

CORAL REEF

CORAL REEF

what is coral

are hard rocky ridges built up from the sea bed by many tiny coral animals (coral polyps)

ideal conditions

temp: 23°C to 25°C

Depth: shallower than 70 meters

types

types

fringing

Grows close to the shore

a type of coral reef that grows directly adjacent to a coastline, island, or mainland. Unlike barrier reefs or atolls they are not separated from the shore by a deep lagoon.

barrier

• Grows far from shore

• Has a wide, deep lagoon between reef and land

roughly parallel to a shore and separated from it by a lagoon or other body of water.

atoll reefs

a ring-shaped coral reef, island that surrounds a body of water called a lagoon.

atoll reefs grow outward from a fringing-reef stage, as they seek better conditions

RIVER

RIVER

upper course

V-shaped valley – A steep, narrow valley shaped like a “V”

Interlocking spurs – Hills that stick out and the river winds around them

Rapids – Fast-flowing, shallow water over rocks

Waterfalls – Where the river drops suddenly over a rock edge

middle course

Meanders-when water in the stream channel erodes the outer bank of a stream and deposits sediments on the inner bank.

speed causes this (in both lower and mid course)

oxbow lake (in both lower and mid course)

river cliff

lower course

• Levees – Raised river banks formed by flooding

• Delta – Land built up where the river meets the sea

  types:

• arcuate (fan shaped)

• bird's foot

• estuarine

• cuspate

• River mouth – Where the river flows into the sea or ocean

PROCESSES OF TRANSPORTATION

PROCESSES OF TRANSPORTATION

Traction

• ➤ Big rocks roll along the riverbed.
  (Think: dragged or rolled)

Saltation

• ➤ Small stones or pebbles bounce along the bottom.
  (Like hopping)

Suspension

• ➤ Fine particles like silt and clay are carried in the water.
  (They float along)

Solution

• ➤ Minerals dissolve in the water and are carried along.
  (Invisible, like sugar in tea)

VOLCANO

volcano

how is a volcano formed

what is a volcano

an opening in the Earth's crust where molten rock, ash, and gases erupt from below the surface

types of lava

basic

Low silica content

Low viscosity

Forms gentle sloping volcanoes
– Like shield volcanoes

Erupts gently
– Less explosive than acidic lava

Dark in colour
– Usually black or dark grey

sill-A flat sheet of magma that pushes between rock layers

dyke- A wall-like sheet of magma that cuts across rock layers

types of rocks

igneous:

• Granite

• Basalt

• Obsidian

metamorphic

• Marble

• Slate

• Schist

sedimentary

• Sandstone

• Limestone

• Shale

earthquake

WEATER SYSTEMS

Clockwise direction

high pressure

everything is low pressure except anticyclone

relief rainfall

• Warm, moist air blows in from the sea.

• It hits a mountain and is forced to rise.

• As it rises, it cools and condenses.

• Clouds form and it rains on the mountain side (windward side).

• The other side (leeward side) is drier – this is called a rain shadow.