Anatomy and Physiology for Veterinary Technicians: Exam 1

The area at the base of the neck between the front legs that covers the cranial end of the sternum is called the:

Brisket

The knee of hoofed animals is called the:

Carpus

Gross anatomy is also known as:

Macroscopic Anatomy

The reference plane that divides the body into cranial and caudal parts that are not necessarily equal is the:

Transverse plane

The reference plane that runs down the center of the body lengthwise and divides it into equal left and right halves is the:

Median plane

The directional term that means "toward the head" but not on the head is:

Cranial

An animal's ears are located _____ to its eyes.

Caudal

A dog is standing on the exam table with its front legs up on the chest of its owner. Which surface of the dog is touching the examination table?

Plantar

The outer surface of a cow's leg that is facing away from its body is the ______ surface.

Lateral

The shoulder of a camel is ______ to its carpus.

Proximal

Which end of a donkey's tail attaches to the body?

Proximal

The proximal-distal dividing line on the rear leg is the:

Tarsus

If you were told to look for a cut on the palmar surface of a dog's leg, where would you look?

The back surface of the front leg below the carpus.

If you were told to look for a tumor on the dorsal surface of a pig's hind leg, where would you look?

The front surface below the tarsus.

All the organs in the thoracic cavity are covered by a thin membrane called the:

Pleura

How many basic tissue types are found in an animal's body?

4

The type of tissue that forms sweat gland is ________ tissue.

Epithelial

Bone is considered what type of tissue?

Connective tissue

An example of a group of tissues working together for a common purpose is:

Brain

The process by which physiologic processes collectively and actively maintain balance in the structures, functions, and properties of the body is known as:

Homeostasis

On a horse, the area dorsal to the scapulas is known as the:

Withers

On a sheep the area on the top of the head between the bases of the ears is known as the:

Poll

The type of tissue that coordinates and controls activities in and around the animal's body is:

Nervous tissue

The body cavity that contains the heart is the:

Cranial thoracic cavity

The structure that divides the ventral cavity into two parts is the:

Diaphragm

The majority of cells found in the skin are:

Keratinocytes

The pigment found in skin is produced by:

Melanocytes

The cells thought to aid in the sense of touch are:

Merkel Cells

The macrophages of the epidermis are the:

Langerhans Cells

One of the most common skin tumors in dogs over the age of 5 is:

Squamous Cell Carcinoma

The nose of a white cat is especially susceptible to:

Squamous Cell Carcinoma

The old gray mare is especially susceptible to:

Malignant Melanoma

One of the most common benign tumors of cats is:

Basal Cell Tumor

The most common site for malignant melanoma in dogs and cats is the:

Oral Cavity

Which layer of epidermis is most actively involved in replacing exfoliated skin cells?

Basal Layer

The thickest layer of the epidermis is the:

Horny Layer

Tylotrich hairs are important in the perception of:

Touch

Meissner's corpuscle is important in the perception of:

Touch

Pacinian corpuscles are important in the perception of:

Touch

Which layer of skin allows it to move freely over underlying bone and muscle without tearing?

Hypodermis

On a footpad, which layer of skin is the thickest?

Stratum Corneum

In which species of animal would you find a planum nasolabiale?

Equine

Which dark, horny structures are found buried in the long, caudal hairs of equine fetlocks?

Ergots

Infraorbital, interdigital, and inguinal pouches are found in what species of animal?

Ovine

The part of a hair that is buried within the skin is the:

Root

The invagination of epidermis in which a hair is anchored is the:

Follicle

How many hairs are found in an average hair follicle?

1

In a compound follicle a primary hair is also known as a ______ hair.

Guard

Whiskers are also known as ______ hairs.

Tactile

The outermost layer of a hair is the:

Cuticle

As an animal ages and its hair turns white, the medulla becomes filled with:

Air

The implantation angle of a hair is increased when the:

Arrector pili muscle contracts.

The white, semiliquid mixture released by sebaceous glands is called:

Sebum

Another name for a blackhead is:

Comedone

Which species of animal produces enough sweat to turn into a white froth?

Equine

In which species of animal does sebum eventually become lanolin?

Ovine

A sudoriferous gland is also known as a/an:

Sweat gland

Which animals have tail glands that help them identify individual animals?

Dogs and cats

The tail gland is located on the _______ surface of the tail.

Dorsal

Where would you look for anal sacs in a cat?

At 5 and 7 o'clock positions around the anus.

What animal can retract its claws?

Cat

Another name for a hoofed animal is an:

Ungulate

The sensitive tissue of both claws and hooves is the:

Corium

Hooves grow from the:

Coronary band

The lateral aspects of an equine hoof wall are called:

Quarters

The junction of the sole and hoof wall in an equine hoof is called the:

White line

Horns emerge from the horn processes of the ____ bones.

Frontal

Horns are bound to the horn process by:

Periosteum

Horns are composed of:

Keratin

Antlers are composed of:

Bone

The "white" of the eye is the:

Sclera

All the light that enters the eye enters through the:

Cornea

An animal's eyes "glow" in the dark when a light is shined on them because of the:

Tapetum

The species that doesn't have eyes that "glow" in the dark when a light is shined on them is:

Porcine

The colored part of the eye is the:

Iris

The "diaphragm" of the eye that controls the amount of light that enters the eye is the:

Iris

The opening at the center of the "diaphragm" of the eye is the:

Pupil

Near and far vision are accommodated through the muscles of the:

Ciliary body

The sensory receptors for vision are located in the:

Retina

The vitreous compartment of the eyeball is located:

Behind the and ciliary body

The anterior chamber of the eyeball is located:

In front of the iris in the aqueous compartment

Where is aqueous humor produced?

Posterior chamber of the eyeball

The most common cause of glaucoma is:

Insufficient drainage of aqueous humor

The _____ helps focus a clear image on the retina by changing its shape.

Lens

The dividing structure that separates the anterior chamber from the posterior chamber is the:

Iris

The dividing structure that separates the aqueous chamber from the vitreous chamber is the:

Lens

An animal has an area of inflammation located at the lateral limbus of the left eye. Where is the inflammation located?

Left side of the left eyeball where the sclera meets the cornea.

The process of changing the shape of the lens to allow close-up and distant vision is called:

Accommodation

When a/an ______ develops the lens becomes opaque.

Cataract

The blind spot if the eye is the:

Optic disc

Which photoreceptors are the most sensitive to light?

Rods

Which part of the eyeball refracts light rays entering the eye the most?

Lens

Where is the nictitating membrane located?

Medially between the eyeball and the eyelid

Where the upper and lower eyelids meet near the bridge of an animal's nose is the:

Medial canthus

Tears are produced by the:

Lacrimal gland

The third eyelid is composed of:

Cartilage and conjuctiva

Excess tears are initially drained from the surface of the eyes by the:

Lacrimal puncta

The thin, transparent membrane that lines the eyelids is the:

Palpebral conjunctiva

The six extraocular muscles that attach to the sclera are:

Skeletal muscles

The heart is located in the thoracic cavity in the space between the two lungs. This space is called the:

Mediastinum