Unit 2: Immigration + Populations

Agricultural Revolution

The significant transformation in farming practices

Industrial Revolution

A period of major industrialization and technological advancements that began in the late 1800s into 1900s

Medical Revolution

Major leap in medical knowledge and technology that changed global population dynamics

Zero Population Growth (ZPG)

Demographic phenomena where number of people in a population remains stable, which is equilibrium in CBR and CDR

Population Pyramid

A graphical representation that shows distribution between age groups in population usually by gender.

Stage 1: High CBR High CDR Little to no NIR
Stage 2: High CBR Low CDR High NIR
Stage 3: Low CBR Low CDR Slowing NIR
Stage 4: Low CBR Low CDR Stable or slow NIR
Stage 5: Very low CBR High or Higher than CBR CDR Declining NIR

Dependency Ratio

A measure to show the ratio of non-working people (-15 +64) to the working age (15-64)

Elderly Support Ratio

Compares the number of elderly people (65+) to the working-age population (15-64)

Pro-Natalism Vs Anti-Natalism

Pro-Natalism: Used to counteract declining birth rates (encourages higher CBR)
Anti-Natalism: Used to counteract overpopulation (Discourages higher CBR)

Sex-Ratio

Numerical Ratio, Males: Females in a population shown as number of males per 100 females

Thomas Malthus and Neo-Malthusians

Populations grow geometrically, but food supplies can only keep up for so long.

Epidemiological transition model

Describes the chaning patterns of health and disease in a population as it transitions through each stage

Stage 1: High CDR, low life expectancy; Plague, Smallpox, Malnutrition
Stage 2: Declining CDR, increasing life expectancy; Improving medical care, sanitation, and nutrition
Stage 3: Low CDR, High life expectancy; heart disease, cancer, diabetes
Stage 4: Low CDR, High life expectancy; delay deaths from chronic disease
Stage 5: May not exist, when pandemics reappear (covid)

Pandemic

Widespread outbreaks of infectious diseases that effect a large amount of people across countries or continents

Migration (and diffusion type)

Movement of people from one place to another with intention of temporary or permanent settling in a new location (Relocation Diffusion)

Emigration vs Immigration

Emigration: Migration from a location
Immigration: Migration to another location

Net migration

The difference between the number of people entering and leaving a region

Circulation

Short-term or cyclical movements that occur on a regular basis

Ravenstein’s Laws

A set of principles formulated by Ravenstein in the late 19th century that describe the migration patterns and trends
Young, Male

Push Factor

A condition or circumstance that drives people to leave their current location, often due to conflict, economics, or environmental disasters

Pull factors

Conditions or Aspects that attracts individuals to migrate to a new location often offering opportunities, safety, or higher quality of life

Refugee

A person who was forced to flee from their country due to persecution, war, or violence. They are usually unable to return because of fear of harm

Intervening obstacle

Refers to any feature or factor that hinders or prevents the movement of individuals from one location to another

International region

Voluntary Migration: They choose to move to another country
Forced Migration: They are forced to leave their country

Internal Migration

Interregional Migration: Movement between different regions of a country
Intraregional Migration: Movement within the same region

Migration Transition Model

Describes the changes in migration patterns that occur as a country develops economically and socially

Chain Migration

Migrants move to a specific location because of influence by family member who are already there

Quotas

Numerical limits placed on the number of individuals allowed to enter a country, particularly concerning immigration

Brain Drain

Emigration of highly skilled or educated people from one country to another, often in search of opportunities, better living conditions, or political stability.

Guest Workers

Temporary migrants to a foreign country for employment purposes, filling labor shortages

Nativism

Political and social ideology that favors the interests of Native inhabitants over those of immigrants

Counter Urbanization

The process where people move from urban areas to rural areas, often seeking better quality of life

Remittances

Funds that migrants send back to home country, often to support family or community

Demography

The study of human populations, focusing on size, structure, distribution, and changes

Demographic transition model (DTM)

A model that explains how a country’s population growth changes over time as it develops economically
Stage 1: High CBR High CDR Little to no NIR
Stage 2: High CBR Low CDR High NIR
Stage 3: Low CBR Low CDR Slowing NIR
Stage 4: Low CBR Low CDR Stable or slow NIR
Stage 5: Very low CBR High or Higher than CBR CDR Declining NIR

Overpopulation

A condition in which the number of people in an area exceeds the environment’s ability to support them sustainably

Ecumene

A portion of earth’s surface that is permanently inhabited by humans

Arithmetic Density

The population divided by the land area

Physiological density

The population divided by arable land area

Agricutlural density

The number of farmers divided by arable land area

Crude Birth Rate (CBR)

The number of live births per 1000 people in a population in a given year
High CBR → Stage 1-2 of the DTM
Low CBR → Stage 4-5 of the DTM

Crude Death Rate (CDR)

The number of deaths per 1000 people in a population in a given year
High CDR → Stage 1 of the DTM (disease, famine)
Low CDR → Stages 2-4 (Better medicine, sanitation)

Natural Increase Rate (NIR)

The rate at which a population grows naturally, excluding migration.
Positive NIR → Population growth
Negative NIR → Population degrowth
High NIR → Stage 2 DTM countries
Low or near zero NIR → Stage 4 DTM countries

Doubling time

The number of years it takes for a population to double in size at its current natural increase rate 70/NIR = doubling time
Short doubling time → Rapid population growth (stage 2 DTM)
Long doubling time → Slow population growth (Stage 4-5 DTM)

Total fertility rate (TFR)

The average number of children a woman is expected to have during her lifetime
High TFR → Stage 1-2 DTM countries
Low TFR → Stage 4-5 DTM countries

Infant mortality rate (IMR)

The number of deaths of infants under 1 year old per 1000 live births in a given year
High IMR → Stage 1-2 DTM
Low IMR → Stage 4-5 DTM

Life expectancy

The average number of years a person is expected to live based on current mortality rates
High life expectancy → Stage 4 DTM

Low life Expectancy → Stage 1-2 DTM

Carrying capacity

The maximum number of people that an environment can sustainably support without degrading resources