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What happened to the Roman Empire after it fell?
It became fragmented into smaller Germanic Kingdoms
Germanic tribes had no written language, and Latin was commonly spoken throughout Europe. What happened?
Latin began merging with Germanic languages to create the Romance languages
How did the church compensate for the Germanic tribes being more rural?
They built monestaries
What is a monastery?
Religious communities for monks and nuns (servants for god)
What were some things monasteries did?
Spent life dedicated to prayer and hard work, opened schools, and gave medical care. Also maintained greco roman literature in libraries.
How did the fall of the Roman Empire affect the church?
Papal power was extended to include secular affairs such as religious life, daily life, and political events.
What was the most common name for popes back then?
Gregory
What did pope Gregory I do?
Expanded power of the pope
What were the laws of the church known as?
Canon law
What categories did the canon laws cover?
Marriage and religious ceremonies, if canon laws were broken the person would appear in church court
What were some problems with the church and how did the pope fix them?
Priests were getting married and bishops were selling positions, so the pope enacted reforms to cover all aspects of secular life
What tensions were there between the pope Ana the king?
There was an imbalance of power, and the king ends up excommunicated
Who were the franks and who was their ruler?
They were a powerful Germanic tribe that controlled most of France. Their leader was Clovis.
What did clovis do?
Converted everyone to Christianity and began a partnership with the church
Who was Charles Martel?
Frankish military and political leader. Led the franks in the battle of tours
Who founded the carolingian dynasty?
Pepin the short, Charles Martel's son
Who was charlemagne?
Charles Martel's grandson
What were some of Charlemagne's accomplishments?
Expanded Frankish territory, unites most of Europe under one ruler since the fall of Rome, spread Christianity and forced conversion. Crowned Holy Roman Empire in 800 CE
Who was Charlemagne's successor?
Louis the pious, who split the kingdom in 3 for his 3 sons. Leads to civil war and ends with treaty of verdun. Decline in central government was a result
What is feudalism?
Political and military system in which local rulers swore allegiance to a monarch in return for control over lands and peasants
Feudalism is a system of...?
Mutual obligations. You have to give something to get something
What are the ranks in the feudal system, lowest to highest?
Peasants, knights, lords, king
What is a vassal?
Someone who gets land in return for something else
What is a fief?
Land that is granted to a vassal
Who were lords?
Nobles that received grants of land from the monarch. Also known as vassals to the king.
Who were knights?
Skilled warriors who defended the lords land. Became vassals to the lord.
Who were serfs?
They were peasants. Provided labor in exchange for home and protection, bound to their manor, lived in harsh conditions and paid high taxes.
What was the manor system (manorialism)?
Economic system that allowed the manor, or the lord's estate, to become self sufficient
What is the 3 field system?
Rotate crops among 3 fields so the soil is not depleted
What 3 groups most commonly invaded Western Europe?
Vikings, Magyars, moors
Who were the Vikings and what did they do?
Explorers who attacked quickly from the north, loved to attack monestaries and could sail upstream, so everyone living near a river or ocean was scared
Who were the Magyar's and what did they do?
Excellent horsemen who came east of the Danube river. Attacked isolated villages. came from hungary
Who were the moors (muslims) and what did they do?
Muslims who conquered Spain and controlled the med sea. Tried to invade w Europe but were defeated in battle of tours In 732 CE
What were the effects of the invasions?
Caused disruption and everyone lived in constant fear/danger
Who was William the conqueror and what did he do?
He was the French duke who lead the Norman conquest in 1066. He united most of England and defeated Harold Goodwinson at the battle of Hastings
What did Henry II do?
Introduced common law to England (collected taxes, introduced juries, replaced canon law)
What did king john do?
Signed the manga carta in 1215
What is the manga carta?
Document that limited power of the king-right to a jury trial, no taxation without representation etc.
What did Edward I do?
Created parliament in 1295- House of Commons and House of Lords
What did Hugh Capet do?
Established the French monarchy in Paris. His dynasty was called the Capetian dynasty
What did Phillip II do?
Took French lands back from king John (because William the conqueror was French)
Phillip IV and the pope argued, what was created from this?
The estates general
What did the estates general say?
1st estate-church did not have to pay taxes
2nd-nobles were supposed to play taxes, but often didn't
3rd-commoners paid most of the taxes
Why was the 100 years war started and what was it over?
It started because the last Capetian king died and there was no heir, so France and England fought over control of the French lands (bc William the conqueror was French) (1337-1453)
Who was Joan of arc and what did she do?
Woman who was convinced God has sent her to save the French and led them to victory at the battle of orleans. She helped make Charles VII king of France
Why is the Hundred Years' War important?
-France won
-France and England both became nations
-strengthen English parliament, not king
-strengthens French monarchy
What were the 3 kingdoms in Spain, and how did they become 2?
Portugal, Aragon, and Castille. Ferdinand of Aragon Marries Isabella of Castille and unifies the 2 kingdoms
Isabel and Ferdinand create the reconquista. What is that?
It unifies Spain under Roman Catholicism, and expel all other religions. The reconquista ends in 1492
Who conquered Russia in the early 1200's?
The mongols
Ivan the great refused to pay tribute to the Mongols. What did this cause?
He overthrew the mongols and centralized his power in Moscow. He also greatly expanded Russia and made it centralized in the hands of Caesar. Russian unification was influenced by the Orthodox Church.
Who were the mongols?
Nomadic clans from east Central Asia. They attacked and invaded china and Russia, and played a key role in reshaping the world at the end of the Middle Ages
What Empire did the mongols create and what did it do?
They created the Ottoman Empire, and in 1453 the captured Constantinople and ended the Byzantine empire. Constantinople becomes Istanbul, and the Hagia Sophia is converted into a mosque
What was the bubonic plague?
A bacterial infection known as the Black Death. It was caused by fleas on black rats. it took 1/3 of europes population, and in some places, 2/3
What were the effects of the bubonic plague?
-Scarcity of labor
-disruption of trade
-decline of power and influence of Catholic Church
Who were the crusades against?
Muslims, Spain conquered Toledo
what is lay investiture?
when the king appoints the bishops, but obviously it didn't work
what is the conquerdat of worms?
agreement between popes and bishops to make church and state desperate
what did pope urban II do?
pope who started the crusades
who is is saladin?
military leader of the muslims, that's how they won 2nd crusade
when was the children's crusade?
1212
when was the battle of tours?
732
when was the battle of hastings?
1066
when was the first crusade?
1095
who won each of the crusades?
1st-english people(the crusaders)
2nd- muslims
3rd-treaty of verdud
4th-attack on merchants in constantinople
what were the crusades over?
jerusalem
what was the treaty of ver whatever over?
control of jerusalem... muslims got control but all other could come and go as they pleased
who was richard the lion heart?
fought in 3rd crusade was part of treaty
what happened in 1453?
the ottoman turks captured constantinople
what did ivan III do?
stopped mongols from invading russia