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Trait
A characteristic pattern of behavior or disposition to feel and act in certain ways.
Personality Inventory
A questionnaire designed to gauge a range of feelings and behaviors; used to assess selected personality traits.
Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)
The most widely researched personality test, originally developed to identify emotional disorders.
Empirically Derived Test
A test created by selecting from a pool of items that discriminate between groups.
Big Five Factors
Five traits: openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism that describe personality.
Social-Cognitive Perspective
A view of behavior influenced by the interaction between people's traits and their social context.
Behavioral Approach
Focuses on the effects of learning on personality development.
Reciprocal Determinism
The interacting influences of behavior, internal cognition, and environment.
Self
Assumed to be the center of personality, organizing thoughts, feelings, and actions.
Spotlight Effect
Overestimating others' noticing and evaluating our appearance, performance, and blunders.
Self-Esteem
Our feelings of high or low self-worth.
Self-Efficacy
Our sense of competence and effectiveness.
Self-Serving Bias
A readiness to perceive ourselves favorably.
Narcissism
Excessive self-love and self-absorption.
Individualism
A cultural pattern emphasizing personal goals over group goals and defining identity mainly in terms of unique attributes.
Collectivism
A cultural pattern prioritizing the goals of important groups over individual goals.
Motivation
A need or desire that energizes and directs behavior.
Instinct
A complex behavior that is rigidly patterned throughout a species and is unlearned.
Physiological Need
A basic bodily requirement.
Drive-Reduction Theory
The idea that a physiological need creates an aroused state that motivates an organism to satisfy the need.
Homeostasis
A tendency to maintain a balanced or constant internal state.
Incentive
A positive or negative environmental stimulus that motivates behavior.
Yerkes-Dodson Law
The principle that performance increases with arousal only up to a point.
Affiliation Need
The need to build and maintain relationships and to feel part of a group.
Self-Determination Theory
The theory that we feel motivated to satisfy needs for competence, autonomy, and relatedness.
Intrinsic Motivation
The desire to perform a behavior effectively for its own sake.
Extrinsic Motivation
The desire to perform a behavior to receive rewards or avoid punishment.
Ostracism
Deliberate social exclusion of individuals or groups.
Achievement Motivation
A desire for significant accomplishment and mastery of skills or ideas.
Grit
Passion and perseverance in the pursuit of long-term goals.
Glucose
The form of sugar that circulates in the blood, providing the major source of energy for body tissues.
Set Point
The point at which the weight thermostat may be set; regulates hunger and metabolic rate.
Basal Metabolic Rate
The body's resting rate of energy output.
Obesity
Defined as a body mass index (BMI) measurement of 30 or higher.
Emotion
A response of the whole organism involving physiological arousal, expressive behaviors, and conscious experience.
Polygraph
A machine used to detect lies; measures emotion-linked changes in perspiration, heart rate, and breathing.
Facial Feedback Effect
The tendency of facial muscle states to trigger corresponding feelings.
Behavior Feedback Effect
The tendency of behavior to influence our own and others’ thoughts, feelings, and actions.
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