Chemistry Test (March 2023)

Arrhenius acid

Arrhenius acid

produces H+ ions; works with water and can be used with electricity because of + ions

What does “ksp” stand for?

solubility product constant

ksp is used for

slightly soluble salts at equilibrium

x stands for

solubility and any ion with a 1 coefficient

math definition of ksp

the concentration of ions raised to and multiplied by ion coefficients

arrhenius base

produces OH- ions

bronstead-lowery base

proton acceptor

bronstead-lowery acid

proton donor; weak acid-base equilibrium

conjegate base

base that loses H+ ions

conjegate acid

base that gains H+ ions

lewis acid

an electron acceptor; new covalent bonds

Lewis base

on electron donor

titration

neutralization proceedure to determine the unknown concentration

acidic solution

a solid where H+ ions are produced in water (can be ionic or covalent)

list 5 characteristics of an acid

• produces H+ ions in water

• tastes sour

• corrode acids (corrosive)

• acids neutralize bases

• pH is less than 7

list 3 common acids

• Hydrochloric acid

• Sulfuric acid

• Nitric acid

basic solution

produce hydroxide ions in water

list 6 characteristics of a base

• produces OH- ions in water

• tastes bitter or chalky

• feels soppy or slippery

• neutralize acids

• turns red litmus paper blue

• pH is greater than 7

list 3 common bases

NaOH -- sodium hydroxide

KOH -- potassium hydroxide

Ba(OH)2 -- barium hydroxide

amphoteric (Arrhenius)

can act as an acid or a base (ex. water + water)

strong acid

ionizes completely in water

weak acid

does not ionize completely in water

strong base

ionizes completely in water

weak base

equilibrium

Brønsted-Lowery Acids

proton donor

Brønsted-Lowery Base

proton acceptor

equilibrium

steady rate (forming product + reforming reactants)

negative logarithm

scale between 0-1

indicator

when the end point changes (when color changes from an acid to a base)

examples of indicators

universal indicator

devices that measure pH

titration, pH stick, pH meter

buffer

a substance that maintains a constant pH