Regeneration Key Facts and Case Studies

Gender breakdown of Dunkirk and Lenton and Bramcote

Dunkirk + Lenton = 44.9% female, 55.1% male

Bramcote = 50.6% female, 49.4% male

Age breakdown of Dunkirk and Lenton and Bramcote

Dunkirk and Lenton = Largest age group is 20-24

Bramcote = Largest age group is 45 to 59

Occupation breakdown of Dunkirk and Lenton and Bramcote

Dunkirk and Lenton = Most common is elementary, then professional

Least common is managers, directors etc

Bramcote = Most common is professional

Least common is process plant and machine operatives

Qualification breakdown of Dunkirk and Lenton and Bramcote

Dunkirk and Lenton = Most common highest qualification is Level 3

Least common is Level 1

Bramcote = Most common highest qualification is Level 4

Least common is apprenticeships

Religious breakdown of Dunkirk and Lenton and Bramcote

Dunkirk and Lenton = Most common belief is no religion

Bramcote = Most common belief is Christianity

Ethnic breakdown of Dunkirk and Lenton and Bramcote

Dunkirk and Lenton = Most prevalent ethnicity is white (66.2%) and then Asian

Bramcote = Most prevalent ethnicity is white (86.7%)

Nottingham physical features

Sandstone outcrops, Peak district, River Trent, central location, Sherwood Forest.

Nottingham accessibility

M1, train station, central location, East Midlands Airport, A1, A52, bus stations - Victoria

Nottingham connectedness

East Midlands Airport, UoN links, proximity to London

Nottingham historical development

Football clubs, Raileigh Bikes, Nottingham Castle, Wollaton Park, Robin Hood, Lace Market, Nottingham University - 1881

Nottingham role of local and national planning

HS2, council estates, Lace Market regeneration, Broadmarsh post-war reconstruction, slum clearance

Nottingham regional connections

D2N2 - local enterprise partnership - work with local authorities to grow the area’s economy

HS2 - high speed railway line - balance economy - Northern Powerhouse - large amounts have been scrapped, including the East Midlands hub

Nottingham national influences

HS2 - should have rebalanced the economy and support a Northern Powerhouse - weaken North-South divide - cuts mean fewer stops and no Toton hub

Government has promised that money saved by scrapping all Eastern parts of HS2 will be invested in regional transport e.g. upgrading links between Newark and Nottingham

Nottingham international influences

Twin cities - links with international cities - Ghent in Belgium - Ningbo in China - improves connectedness - Ningbo Friendship Bridge

Brexit - EU funding had paid for projects like Wollaton Park improvement and Sneinton Market - £18 million had been used from EU

Nottingham global influences

UoN international campuses - international students - increased global connectedness and cultural diversity

Raileigh Bikes - left Nottingham after 114 years in 2002 - global shift contributed to this decision due to cheap imports from Asia

What was Nottingham’s significance in the lace industry?

First ever lace-making machine was made in Nottingham in the 1760s

Some buildings designed by T.C. Hine and opened in 1855 and contained leisure facilities for workers

Key markets were Germany, USA, France

How did the lace market decline?

The Lace Market began to decline from the start of WW1 - companies had to write off debts from enemy countries.

Export trade fell and so did demand for fashion goods

Market never recovered and fell further into decline with the Great Depression and WW2

How was the Lace Market regenerated?

Tourism introduced - 2 museums (lace, justice), pedestrian links to Nottingham Castle, cave system opened to public

Shopping - Hockley

Education - Adams Building was made into an F.E. College

Leisure - Broadway Cinema, ice rink, restaurants

Effects of deindustrialisation in the Rust Belt

Issues with gun crime

Life expectancy is up to 30 years lower than wealthier districts

Loss of 1 million residents in Detroit since 1950

Baltimore has 20,000 abandoned properties (lost 1/3 residents) - sold for as little as £1

Racial tensions in some area - white flight

What system of shipping did containerisation replace in the East End?

Break bulk cargo

When did the last of the East End’s docks close?

1981

How many jobs were lost in the East End between 1978 and 1983?

12,000+

What % of adult men were unemployed in some areas?

Up to 60% in 1981

How much did the population of the East End fall by?

100,000 between 1971 and 1981

Achievements of the Docklands regeneration

Tax incentives for companies stimulated the quaternary sector

100,000 commuters travel there

Newham is London’s most ethnically diverse Borough

Investment banks located here - London as a global financial hub

Problems with the Docklands regeneration

27% of Newham’s working population earned less than £7 an hour

High deprivation in Tower Hamlets and Newham

Lowest average life expectancy in London in Tower Hamlets

Physical factors changing the East End

London’s docks were too small and far inland

Riverside setting made it an attractive location for homeowners and investors

Accessibility factors changing the East End

Close proximity to City of London

DLR and City Airport create fast and easy access

Role of planners influencing the East End

Key objectives were to develop the economy and housing stock - may have led to issues with housing and social deprivation

Encouraged well known architects to design buildings - create flagship buildings

Tax incentives offered catalyst to growth

Population change influencing the East End

Gentrification - loss of community but improvement of aesthetics

Displacement of dockworkers put pressure on surrounding areas

Commuters don’t contribute to the community

Ethnic communities develop

How much money did the EU give per year for regeneration?

€5.8 billion e.g. Eden Project

How much money does the Build Back Better scheme provide?

£2 million per council

Why was Grampound Community Shop beneficial?

Located in a small village in Cornwall - 800 people

Small shop selling basic necessities so people don’t have to travel

Founded by local community

Owned and run by the community

Out of 280 households, 257 are shareholders

Also had coffee shop so reduced isolation

Why was St Dennis Waste Incinerator unpopular?

Central Cornwall

Its planning was protested but the council still went ahead

People feared toxic emissions and its impact on the landscape

Only 7 jobs were created

What is Newham one of the most deprived areas in terms of?

Overcrowding and homelessness

What % of Newham’s population has no educational qualifications?

34% (above average)

What % of Newham’s population is unemployed?

6.7% (above average)

What % are in managerial and professional employment in Newham?

34.7% (below average, especially for London)

What % are employed full time in Newham?

40%

How much money was invested in the London Docklands?

£10 billion

Which river in Newham was polluted?

River Lea - with chemicals and waste

What was the average income in Newham?

Just over £20,000 (second poorest London borough)

What 3 areas must every political party have policies on?

1 - Improving infrastructure

2 - Planning for specific needs

3 - Deregulating aspects of the economy/government policy to speed up processes - and consequently economic growth

What is the national government policy on migration?

Recruitment of workers from EU and non-EU countries to fill jobs

Fill shortage of workers like butchers and nursing assistants

Key players - National Government, Migrant Advisory Committee

Deregulation in London

Occurred in 1986 - finance sector deregulated

Any bank or individual could trade shares, oversea barriers removed

Key players - tory government, Margaret Thatcher

Raised profile of London as financial hub

Government policy on fracking

Affected areas would include the Midlands, South, National Parks

50 years of gas supply for the UK

3.5 million jobs by 2035

Damage soils, pollution of aquifers, small EQs

Expansion of Heathrow Airport

Aim is to reduce air traffic through the 3rd runway and increase revenue due to more flights

700 more planes a day

Local people oppose due to air and noise pollution and disruption

Increased CO2 emissions

Government policy on HS2

Aimed to connect the North and the South to tackle the North-South divide

Affected London, West Midlands, Manchester

Would have created 60,000 jobs

Was £20 billion over budget

108 woodlands destroyed

Government policy on new housing and the housing crisis

Need 300,000 new houses per year

There has been an average price increase for homes of 1,145% since 1980

8.4 million people in England are living in unsuitable/insecure/unaffordable housing

In 2020, 247,000 homes were being built each year.

What are enterprise zones?

Designated districts across England which provide tax breaks and government subsidies

Encourage businesses to set up there and begin a positive multiplier effect.

2 examples of science parks

Infinity Park in Derby with Rolls-Royce

Nottingham Science Park

Nottingham Science Park

Partnership with and proximity to University of Nottingham creates grad jobs - keeps students in Nottingham

Partnership with D2N2

Can create a positive multiplier effect

Companies include Upperton, Acres Architects and SPG Innovation

Only quaternary jobs so doesn’t help with 4Ds

Why is Nottingham attractive for investment?

89% of England and Wales is within a 4 hours drive

UoN and Nottingham Trent graduates can support innovation

More affordable housing and office space compared to SE

East Midlands Aiport

£1bn invested in Nottingham’s infrastructure

What were the flagship developments in Newham?

Queen Elizabeth Olympic Park

Here East

East Village

Westfield Stratford City

What was the Queen Elizabeth Olympic Park project?

Turn an area of 250 hectares into the Olympic Park and revive the contaminated and neglected land into a community that survives after the games

Players included: London Mayor, London Legacy Development Corporation, Greater London Authority, National Government

What was the East Village project?

To build and then repurpose the 2012 Olympic Games athlete’s village into 2818 homes

Players included: Get Living London, Triathlon Homes, Community Land Trust

What was the Here East project?

A digital and creative industry hub in the redeveloped former Olympic media and broadcasting site

Players included: Loughborough University London, UCL, BT Sport, Fiit

What was the Westfield Stratford City project?

Largest urban shopping and leisure destination in Europe

Players include: Unibail, Rodamco, Westfield, Zara, Vue Cinema

What were the employment opportunities provided by the Newham projects?

Construction jobs in the building of the Olympic Park

3,700 jobs for local people in Westfield

However, there were 10,000 jobs overall in Westfield so less than half were for local people

Here East is quaternary so doesn’t help with 4Ds

How did the Newham projects help the built environment and environmental quality in Newham?

New buildings have more of an aesthetic value - East Village compared to old student housing

35 acres of open land and an orchard in East Village

45 hectares habitat created in Olympic Park

30,000 tonnes of rubbish removed from canals and rivers

Over 400,000 plants planted

How did the Newham projects impact availability and affordability of housing?

0-24% of the new housing is actually affordable

Affordability was based on market price, not local income

No Community Land Trust homes

Area gentrified - students, travellers and low income people were moved from the area and wealthy professionals benefited from the new housing

What did the Newham projects do for rebranding?

Made the area into a destination worth visiting

Previously was known as poor, polluted and unattractive

Now attracts global TNCs and due to improved transport links, and leisure facilities people are more likely to visit

What led to the decline of Glasgow?

Cheaper overseas competition led to the collapse of the shipbuilding industry and other industries fell with it

Led to a negative image of Glasgow with deprivation and industrial decline

In 2015, only 3 shipyards remained

Sport regen in Glasgow

2014 Commonwealth Games which supported 2100 jobs, and led to improvements in transport infrastructure and sports facilities like the Sir Chris Hoy Velodrome and Emirates Stadium

Cultural regen in Glasgow

1990 European Capital of Culture

Hosted Turner Prize in 2015

1999 UK’s City of Architecture and Design

Environmental regen in Glasgow

2002 GreenSpace Scotland initiatives to repurpose derelict land into parks and green spaces

Retail regen in Glasgow

Marketing campaign to encourage private sector investment to create a post-industrial Glasgow

Scotland with Style (2004-2013) aimed to establish Glasgow as a leading tourist destination to create a positive multiplier effect

Infrastructure regen in Glasgow

The Clyde regenerated with new roads and buildings along the river

Scotland with Style - new hotel chains, Scottish Exhibition and Conference Centre, new flight routes with EasyJet

COP26 in 2021 in the new Scottish Events Campus

2011, £250 million spent on the M74 expansion project to give greater access to the city centre

2017, 50 new subway stations were added

How many visitors does the Kelvin Grove Art Gallery in Glasgow have per year?

3 million

The Gorbals

Inner city area of Glasgow

Victorian tenement blocks in use until 1950s. Replaced with concrete tower blocks which were poorly designed and fostered crime

Became a hub for deprivation and crime - spiral of decline

Notorious for drug abuse e.g. heroin in late 90s, early 2000s

Drug death capital of Europe

Social aspects of Sydney’s success

Comfortable climate and beaches are attractive

Low levels of deprivation

Harbour setting and boating locations are attractive, especially for the wealthy

Economic aspects of Sydney’s success

Knowledge economy employees attracted which leads to cumulative causation and further growth in the sector

Young population - large workforce

Deregulation of finance and banking sectors

Strong quaternary sector with a good reputation

Time zone ideal for US and Asian markets

Environmental aspects of Sydney’s success

Comfortable climate and harbour setting

San Francisco strengths

Silicon Valley - Tech companies like Facebook and Uber

Almost 1/3 of the world’s biotechnology workforce is employed here

Prominent tourism industry - $6.73bn annually

San Francisco weaknesses

11.3% poverty rate in 2015 - high for region

Influx of high paid tech workers has gentrified the area and made it unaffordable for low-wage workers

High rate of property crime (48.94 per 1000 residents compared to the rest of California)

San Francisco opportunities

Job creation and building improvements if San Francisco follows LA county is requiring EQ retrofitting

Silicon Valley continues to grow so the number of quaternary jobs will also grow

San Francisco threats

California hasn’t had a large EQ in a long time and is due one

Climate change may cause more extreme heat events, increased air pollution, longer droughts and flooding

Housing bubble may pop and cause house prices to plummet

Sydney weaknesses

Falling behind with global corporation presence

Cost of living deters international students

Huge stress for some people over mortgages and rent prices

Covid caused Australia’s first recession in 29 years

Sydney opportunities

Current knowledge economy employers may attract more

High rents may create investment opportunities for affordable housing

Sydney threats

Very large young workforce - huge impact when they retire

Climate change will increase rainfall, create higher temperatures, cause wildfires

What are the key principles of an eco town?

Small new towns with high standards for sustainability

They are not entirely self sufficient and should have high quality public transport links to major settlements

The development as a whole should reach zero carbon standards

Affordable housing should make up 30-50% of the total

Where was the first eco town?

Oxfordshire

Elmsbrook Zero Carbon Community

What are the key features of Elmsbrook?

Every home has solar panels

No waste goes to landfill

40% green space

Cycle and pedestrian routes

Bus stop within 400 metres of every home

Electric vehicle charging points

Hot water from combined heat and power plants

Eco-business centre

Passive houses - make as much energy as they use

Who are the key players of Elmsbrook?

Bioregional - sustainability charity and consultant

TownSq Spaces - run a collaborative workspace in the eco-business centre

What % of rural residents rely on private car ownership?

78% compared to 61% of people as a whole

What is the UK government policy on farming?

Reconsider and adapt - farming will not provide people with sufficient income - farm diversification

How much more does the same house in a rural area cost than in an urban area?

30%

How much has the rural population been declining by since 2017?

1.1%

What % do farmers contribute to the UK economy?

2%

How much longer do rural residents have to wait for an ambulance?

3x

Rural crime is also harder to police - issues with services

Cornwall key facts

Population of 570,000

17 of its districts have at one point been within the top 10 most deprived areas of the UK

Used to mine tin, copper silver

Popular for tourists and surfers

Farming in Cornwall

Declined due to falling farm revenues as supermarkets aim to be competitive

Cheaper imported foods from other countries

EU milk ,e.g. from Poland, is half the cost of UK milk

Reduction in EU subsidies and government grants so rapid decline in dairy farming.

Fishing in Cornwall

EU quotas allocated some Cornish fish stocks to European fishing vessels - increased competition and lowered prices

Stocks of many types of fish, like cod, have declined due to over-fishing of young fish

Tin and copper mining in Cornwall

Tin and copper veins have mostly run out

Tin prices collapsed due to overseas competition

Exchange rate has made UK tin more expensive

Only 6 modern tine mines in Cornwall

Quarrying in Cornwall

St Austell has some of the best china clay reserves

In the 1960s, 10,000 worked in the Cornish clay industry

By 2015, a French TNC had cut the labour force down to 800 and moved much of the clay extraction to Brazil

The remaining quarries rely on tech, not people

Newquay Aerohub Science Park

2015

On the same site as Newquay Airport

75 acre site

It has 20 years of planning freedom

Array of funding packages available

Daily flights to London

Superfast broadband

Newquay Aerohub Science Park strengths

Knowledge based industries attracted

Opportunities for jobs and attract skilled workers

More flights so attracts more tourists in summer

Positive change to rural economy

Attractive location may encourage employees to relocate

20 years on-site planning freedom

Newquay Aerohub Science Park weaknesses

Doesn’t solve the issue of tourism being seasonal

Lack of post-graduates looking to work in places like this due to the weak university presence in Cornwall

Planning freedom only applies to the site so road networks haven’t improved

Newquay Aerohub Science Park opportunities

Could create UK hub for aerospace industry

Encourage FDI if TNCs locate here

Positive multiplier effect - well paid quaternary workers

Could attract graduates from places like the Cornwall campuses of the University of Exeter

Newquay Aerohub Science Park threats

NIMBY attitude could cause people to protest the use of the airport runway

Geographical isolation remains especially due to lack of transport infrastructure

Aging population may dissuade some investors

Jet fuel and rocket fuel are highly polluting