Studied by 20 people
Gender breakdown of Dunkirk and Lenton and Bramcote
Dunkirk + Lenton = 44.9% female, 55.1% male
Bramcote = 50.6% female, 49.4% male
Age breakdown of Dunkirk and Lenton and Bramcote
Dunkirk and Lenton = Largest age group is 20-24
Bramcote = Largest age group is 45 to 59
Occupation breakdown of Dunkirk and Lenton and Bramcote
Dunkirk and Lenton = Most common is elementary, then professional
Least common is managers, directors etc
Bramcote = Most common is professional
Least common is process plant and machine operatives
Qualification breakdown of Dunkirk and Lenton and Bramcote
Dunkirk and Lenton = Most common highest qualification is Level 3
Least common is Level 1
Bramcote = Most common highest qualification is Level 4
Least common is apprenticeships
Religious breakdown of Dunkirk and Lenton and Bramcote
Dunkirk and Lenton = Most common belief is no religion
Bramcote = Most common belief is Christianity
Ethnic breakdown of Dunkirk and Lenton and Bramcote
Dunkirk and Lenton = Most prevalent ethnicity is white (66.2%) and then Asian
Bramcote = Most prevalent ethnicity is white (86.7%)
Nottingham physical features
Sandstone outcrops, Peak district, River Trent, central location, Sherwood Forest.
Nottingham accessibility
M1, train station, central location, East Midlands Airport, A1, A52, bus stations - Victoria
Nottingham connectedness
East Midlands Airport, UoN links, proximity to London
Nottingham historical development
Football clubs, Raileigh Bikes, Nottingham Castle, Wollaton Park, Robin Hood, Lace Market, Nottingham University - 1881
Nottingham role of local and national planning
HS2, council estates, Lace Market regeneration, Broadmarsh post-war reconstruction, slum clearance
Nottingham regional connections
D2N2 - local enterprise partnership - work with local authorities to grow the area’s economy
HS2 - high speed railway line - balance economy - Northern Powerhouse - large amounts have been scrapped, including the East Midlands hub
Nottingham national influences
HS2 - should have rebalanced the economy and support a Northern Powerhouse - weaken North-South divide - cuts mean fewer stops and no Toton hub
Government has promised that money saved by scrapping all Eastern parts of HS2 will be invested in regional transport e.g. upgrading links between Newark and Nottingham
Nottingham international influences
Twin cities - links with international cities - Ghent in Belgium - Ningbo in China - improves connectedness - Ningbo Friendship Bridge
Brexit - EU funding had paid for projects like Wollaton Park improvement and Sneinton Market - £18 million had been used from EU
Nottingham global influences
UoN international campuses - international students - increased global connectedness and cultural diversity
Raileigh Bikes - left Nottingham after 114 years in 2002 - global shift contributed to this decision due to cheap imports from Asia
What was Nottingham’s significance in the lace industry?
First ever lace-making machine was made in Nottingham in the 1760s
Some buildings designed by T.C. Hine and opened in 1855 and contained leisure facilities for workers
Key markets were Germany, USA, France
How did the lace market decline?
The Lace Market began to decline from the start of WW1 - companies had to write off debts from enemy countries.
Export trade fell and so did demand for fashion goods
Market never recovered and fell further into decline with the Great Depression and WW2
How was the Lace Market regenerated?
Tourism introduced - 2 museums (lace, justice), pedestrian links to Nottingham Castle, cave system opened to public
Shopping - Hockley
Education - Adams Building was made into an F.E. College
Leisure - Broadway Cinema, ice rink, restaurants
Effects of deindustrialisation in the Rust Belt
Issues with gun crime
Life expectancy is up to 30 years lower than wealthier districts
Loss of 1 million residents in Detroit since 1950
Baltimore has 20,000 abandoned properties (lost 1/3 residents) - sold for as little as £1
Racial tensions in some area - white flight
What system of shipping did containerisation replace in the East End?
Break bulk cargo
When did the last of the East End’s docks close?
1981
How many jobs were lost in the East End between 1978 and 1983?
12,000+
What % of adult men were unemployed in some areas?
Up to 60% in 1981
How much did the population of the East End fall by?
100,000 between 1971 and 1981
Achievements of the Docklands regeneration
Tax incentives for companies stimulated the quaternary sector
100,000 commuters travel there
Newham is London’s most ethnically diverse Borough
Investment banks located here - London as a global financial hub
Problems with the Docklands regeneration
27% of Newham’s working population earned less than £7 an hour
High deprivation in Tower Hamlets and Newham
Lowest average life expectancy in London in Tower Hamlets
Physical factors changing the East End
London’s docks were too small and far inland
Riverside setting made it an attractive location for homeowners and investors
Accessibility factors changing the East End
Close proximity to City of London
DLR and City Airport create fast and easy access
Role of planners influencing the East End
Key objectives were to develop the economy and housing stock - may have led to issues with housing and social deprivation
Encouraged well known architects to design buildings - create flagship buildings
Tax incentives offered catalyst to growth
Population change influencing the East End
Gentrification - loss of community but improvement of aesthetics
Displacement of dockworkers put pressure on surrounding areas
Commuters don’t contribute to the community
Ethnic communities develop
How much money did the EU give per year for regeneration?
€5.8 billion e.g. Eden Project
How much money does the Build Back Better scheme provide?
£2 million per council
Why was Grampound Community Shop beneficial?
Located in a small village in Cornwall - 800 people
Small shop selling basic necessities so people don’t have to travel
Founded by local community
Owned and run by the community
Out of 280 households, 257 are shareholders
Also had coffee shop so reduced isolation
Why was St Dennis Waste Incinerator unpopular?
Central Cornwall
Its planning was protested but the council still went ahead
People feared toxic emissions and its impact on the landscape
Only 7 jobs were created
What is Newham one of the most deprived areas in terms of?
Overcrowding and homelessness
What % of Newham’s population has no educational qualifications?
34% (above average)
What % of Newham’s population is unemployed?
6.7% (above average)
What % are in managerial and professional employment in Newham?
34.7% (below average, especially for London)
What % are employed full time in Newham?
40%
How much money was invested in the London Docklands?
£10 billion
Which river in Newham was polluted?
River Lea - with chemicals and waste
What was the average income in Newham?
Just over £20,000 (second poorest London borough)
What 3 areas must every political party have policies on?
1 - Improving infrastructure
2 - Planning for specific needs
3 - Deregulating aspects of the economy/government policy to speed up processes - and consequently economic growth
What is the national government policy on migration?
Recruitment of workers from EU and non-EU countries to fill jobs
Fill shortage of workers like butchers and nursing assistants
Key players - National Government, Migrant Advisory Committee
Deregulation in London
Occurred in 1986 - finance sector deregulated
Any bank or individual could trade shares, oversea barriers removed
Key players - tory government, Margaret Thatcher
Raised profile of London as financial hub
Government policy on fracking
Affected areas would include the Midlands, South, National Parks
50 years of gas supply for the UK
3.5 million jobs by 2035
Damage soils, pollution of aquifers, small EQs
Expansion of Heathrow Airport
Aim is to reduce air traffic through the 3rd runway and increase revenue due to more flights
700 more planes a day
Local people oppose due to air and noise pollution and disruption
Increased CO2 emissions
Government policy on HS2
Aimed to connect the North and the South to tackle the North-South divide
Affected London, West Midlands, Manchester
Would have created 60,000 jobs
Was £20 billion over budget
108 woodlands destroyed
Government policy on new housing and the housing crisis
Need 300,000 new houses per year
There has been an average price increase for homes of 1,145% since 1980
8.4 million people in England are living in unsuitable/insecure/unaffordable housing
In 2020, 247,000 homes were being built each year.
What are enterprise zones?
Designated districts across England which provide tax breaks and government subsidies
Encourage businesses to set up there and begin a positive multiplier effect.
2 examples of science parks
Infinity Park in Derby with Rolls-Royce
Nottingham Science Park
Nottingham Science Park
Partnership with and proximity to University of Nottingham creates grad jobs - keeps students in Nottingham
Partnership with D2N2
Can create a positive multiplier effect
Companies include Upperton, Acres Architects and SPG Innovation
Only quaternary jobs so doesn’t help with 4Ds
Why is Nottingham attractive for investment?
89% of England and Wales is within a 4 hours drive
UoN and Nottingham Trent graduates can support innovation
More affordable housing and office space compared to SE
East Midlands Aiport
£1bn invested in Nottingham’s infrastructure
What were the flagship developments in Newham?
Queen Elizabeth Olympic Park
Here East
East Village
Westfield Stratford City
What was the Queen Elizabeth Olympic Park project?
Turn an area of 250 hectares into the Olympic Park and revive the contaminated and neglected land into a community that survives after the games
Players included: London Mayor, London Legacy Development Corporation, Greater London Authority, National Government
What was the East Village project?
To build and then repurpose the 2012 Olympic Games athlete’s village into 2818 homes
Players included: Get Living London, Triathlon Homes, Community Land Trust
What was the Here East project?
A digital and creative industry hub in the redeveloped former Olympic media and broadcasting site
Players included: Loughborough University London, UCL, BT Sport, Fiit
What was the Westfield Stratford City project?
Largest urban shopping and leisure destination in Europe
Players include: Unibail, Rodamco, Westfield, Zara, Vue Cinema
What were the employment opportunities provided by the Newham projects?
Construction jobs in the building of the Olympic Park
3,700 jobs for local people in Westfield
However, there were 10,000 jobs overall in Westfield so less than half were for local people
Here East is quaternary so doesn’t help with 4Ds
How did the Newham projects help the built environment and environmental quality in Newham?
New buildings have more of an aesthetic value - East Village compared to old student housing
35 acres of open land and an orchard in East Village
45 hectares habitat created in Olympic Park
30,000 tonnes of rubbish removed from canals and rivers
Over 400,000 plants planted
How did the Newham projects impact availability and affordability of housing?
0-24% of the new housing is actually affordable
Affordability was based on market price, not local income
No Community Land Trust homes
Area gentrified - students, travellers and low income people were moved from the area and wealthy professionals benefited from the new housing
What did the Newham projects do for rebranding?
Made the area into a destination worth visiting
Previously was known as poor, polluted and unattractive
Now attracts global TNCs and due to improved transport links, and leisure facilities people are more likely to visit
What led to the decline of Glasgow?
Cheaper overseas competition led to the collapse of the shipbuilding industry and other industries fell with it
Led to a negative image of Glasgow with deprivation and industrial decline
In 2015, only 3 shipyards remained
Sport regen in Glasgow
2014 Commonwealth Games which supported 2100 jobs, and led to improvements in transport infrastructure and sports facilities like the Sir Chris Hoy Velodrome and Emirates Stadium
Cultural regen in Glasgow
1990 European Capital of Culture
Hosted Turner Prize in 2015
1999 UK’s City of Architecture and Design
Environmental regen in Glasgow
2002 GreenSpace Scotland initiatives to repurpose derelict land into parks and green spaces
Retail regen in Glasgow
Marketing campaign to encourage private sector investment to create a post-industrial Glasgow
Scotland with Style (2004-2013) aimed to establish Glasgow as a leading tourist destination to create a positive multiplier effect
Infrastructure regen in Glasgow
The Clyde regenerated with new roads and buildings along the river
Scotland with Style - new hotel chains, Scottish Exhibition and Conference Centre, new flight routes with EasyJet
COP26 in 2021 in the new Scottish Events Campus
2011, £250 million spent on the M74 expansion project to give greater access to the city centre
2017, 50 new subway stations were added
How many visitors does the Kelvin Grove Art Gallery in Glasgow have per year?
3 million
The Gorbals
Inner city area of Glasgow
Victorian tenement blocks in use until 1950s. Replaced with concrete tower blocks which were poorly designed and fostered crime
Became a hub for deprivation and crime - spiral of decline
Notorious for drug abuse e.g. heroin in late 90s, early 2000s
Drug death capital of Europe
Social aspects of Sydney’s success
Comfortable climate and beaches are attractive
Low levels of deprivation
Harbour setting and boating locations are attractive, especially for the wealthy
Economic aspects of Sydney’s success
Knowledge economy employees attracted which leads to cumulative causation and further growth in the sector
Young population - large workforce
Deregulation of finance and banking sectors
Strong quaternary sector with a good reputation
Time zone ideal for US and Asian markets
Environmental aspects of Sydney’s success
Comfortable climate and harbour setting
San Francisco strengths
Silicon Valley - Tech companies like Facebook and Uber
Almost 1/3 of the world’s biotechnology workforce is employed here
Prominent tourism industry - $6.73bn annually
San Francisco weaknesses
11.3% poverty rate in 2015 - high for region
Influx of high paid tech workers has gentrified the area and made it unaffordable for low-wage workers
High rate of property crime (48.94 per 1000 residents compared to the rest of California)
San Francisco opportunities
Job creation and building improvements if San Francisco follows LA county is requiring EQ retrofitting
Silicon Valley continues to grow so the number of quaternary jobs will also grow
San Francisco threats
California hasn’t had a large EQ in a long time and is due one
Climate change may cause more extreme heat events, increased air pollution, longer droughts and flooding
Housing bubble may pop and cause house prices to plummet
Sydney weaknesses
Falling behind with global corporation presence
Cost of living deters international students
Huge stress for some people over mortgages and rent prices
Covid caused Australia’s first recession in 29 years
Sydney opportunities
Current knowledge economy employers may attract more
High rents may create investment opportunities for affordable housing
Sydney threats
Very large young workforce - huge impact when they retire
Climate change will increase rainfall, create higher temperatures, cause wildfires
What are the key principles of an eco town?
Small new towns with high standards for sustainability
They are not entirely self sufficient and should have high quality public transport links to major settlements
The development as a whole should reach zero carbon standards
Affordable housing should make up 30-50% of the total
Where was the first eco town?
Oxfordshire
Elmsbrook Zero Carbon Community
What are the key features of Elmsbrook?
Every home has solar panels
No waste goes to landfill
40% green space
Cycle and pedestrian routes
Bus stop within 400 metres of every home
Electric vehicle charging points
Hot water from combined heat and power plants
Eco-business centre
Passive houses - make as much energy as they use
Who are the key players of Elmsbrook?
Bioregional - sustainability charity and consultant
TownSq Spaces - run a collaborative workspace in the eco-business centre
What % of rural residents rely on private car ownership?
78% compared to 61% of people as a whole
What is the UK government policy on farming?
Reconsider and adapt - farming will not provide people with sufficient income - farm diversification
How much more does the same house in a rural area cost than in an urban area?
30%
How much has the rural population been declining by since 2017?
1.1%
What % do farmers contribute to the UK economy?
2%
How much longer do rural residents have to wait for an ambulance?
3x
Rural crime is also harder to police - issues with services
Cornwall key facts
Population of 570,000
17 of its districts have at one point been within the top 10 most deprived areas of the UK
Used to mine tin, copper silver
Popular for tourists and surfers
Farming in Cornwall
Declined due to falling farm revenues as supermarkets aim to be competitive
Cheaper imported foods from other countries
EU milk ,e.g. from Poland, is half the cost of UK milk
Reduction in EU subsidies and government grants so rapid decline in dairy farming.
Fishing in Cornwall
EU quotas allocated some Cornish fish stocks to European fishing vessels - increased competition and lowered prices
Stocks of many types of fish, like cod, have declined due to over-fishing of young fish
Tin and copper mining in Cornwall
Tin and copper veins have mostly run out
Tin prices collapsed due to overseas competition
Exchange rate has made UK tin more expensive
Only 6 modern tine mines in Cornwall
Quarrying in Cornwall
St Austell has some of the best china clay reserves
In the 1960s, 10,000 worked in the Cornish clay industry
By 2015, a French TNC had cut the labour force down to 800 and moved much of the clay extraction to Brazil
The remaining quarries rely on tech, not people
Newquay Aerohub Science Park
2015
On the same site as Newquay Airport
75 acre site
It has 20 years of planning freedom
Array of funding packages available
Daily flights to London
Superfast broadband
Newquay Aerohub Science Park strengths
Knowledge based industries attracted
Opportunities for jobs and attract skilled workers
More flights so attracts more tourists in summer
Positive change to rural economy
Attractive location may encourage employees to relocate
20 years on-site planning freedom
Newquay Aerohub Science Park weaknesses
Doesn’t solve the issue of tourism being seasonal
Lack of post-graduates looking to work in places like this due to the weak university presence in Cornwall
Planning freedom only applies to the site so road networks haven’t improved
Newquay Aerohub Science Park opportunities
Could create UK hub for aerospace industry
Encourage FDI if TNCs locate here
Positive multiplier effect - well paid quaternary workers
Could attract graduates from places like the Cornwall campuses of the University of Exeter
Newquay Aerohub Science Park threats
NIMBY attitude could cause people to protest the use of the airport runway
Geographical isolation remains especially due to lack of transport infrastructure
Aging population may dissuade some investors
Jet fuel and rocket fuel are highly polluting
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