Unit 7B (1929-1945) APUSH

Great Depression

The economic crisis and period of low business activity in the U.S. and other countries, roughly beginning with the stock-market crash in October, 1929, and continuing through most of the 1930s.

New Deal & New Deal Programs

a series of programs implemented during FDR's presidency aimed at providing relief for those suffering during the Great Depression by creating jobs and stimulating economic recovery.

Cash and Carry

allowed the British to purchase war materials from the US as long as they paid in cash and transported the materials themselves.

Selective Training & Service Act of 1940

required all men between the ages of 21 and 45 to register for the draft. This was the first peacetime draft in US' history.

Lend-Lease Act 1941

this act set up a system that would allow the United States under President Franklin D. Roosevelt to lend or lease war supplies to any nation deemed "vital to the defense of the US."

Oil and Steel Embargo

In September 1940, Japan joined the Axis powers. The US responded by prohibiting export of steel and scrap iron to Japan and other countries. In July 1941, when Japan invaded French Indochina, the US cut off Japanese access to many vital materials, including US. oil.

Pearl Harbor

Naval base in Hawaii attacked by Japanese aircraft on December 7, 1941. The sinking of much of the U.S. Pacific Fleet brought the United States into World War II

War Production Board

WWII American federal agency that ensured that each factory received materials it needed to operate, in order to produce the most war goods in the shortest time.

Office of War Information

It was responsible for formulating and implementing information programs to promote, in the US and abroad, understanding of the status and progress of the war effort and of war policies, activities, and aims of the US government.

Wartime Solidarity

The New Deal helped immigrant groups feel more included, and serving together in combat or working together in defense plants helped to reduce prejudices. The "band of brothers" immigrants felt more included, working together for war, prejudice down. Settled regional differences

Rosie the Riveter

A propaganda character designed to increase production of female workers in the factories. It became a rallying symbol for women to "do their part" in the war.

Holocaust

A methodical plan orchestrated by Hitler to ensure German supremacy. It called for the elimination of Jews, so ( all non-conformists, homosexuals, non-Aryans, and mentally and physically disabled.)

Nazi Concentration Camps

A guarded compound for the detention or imprisonment of aliens,members of ethnic minorities, political opponents, prisoners of war, etc., especially any of the camps established by the Nazis prior to and during World War II for the confinement and persecution of prisoners.

Japanese Wartime Atrocities

Japan waged total war against China with the imperialist goals of political, economic domination of China. Also wanted food and labor because of the steep lack of natural resources in Japan.; many women were raped and killed

Japanese-American Internment

The Japanese American citizens were unlawfully interned, detained and set up in concentration camps by the military because of the fear of an attack on the west coast.

Korematsu vs. U.S.

1944 Supreme Court case where the Supreme Court that allowed the federal government to detain a person based on their race during a wartime situation; ex: relocation of Japanese Americans.

Wartime Migration

“The Second Great Migration"; 1.5 million African Americans moved from the South to the North and got jobs that weren’t domestic or agricultural work; the result would be the increased urbanization of the African American population

D-Day Invasion

the day that the combined Allied armies led by Eisenhower led a massive invasion on the beaches of Normandy, France. The assault involved millions of troops and workers and led to the liberation of France, and the ultimate end to the war.

Pacific Theater- Island Hopping

a military strategy employed by the Allies in the Pacific War against Japan and the Axis powers during World War II. -the strategy employed by the US to gain military bases and secure the many small islands in the Pacific.

Battle of Midway

An enormous battle that raged for four days near the small American outpost at Midway Island, at the end of which the US, despite great losses, was clearly victorious. The American navy destroyed four Japanese aircraft carriers and lost only one of its own; the action regained control of the central Pacific for the US.

Manhattan Project

a research and development project that produced the first atomic bombs during World War II. Its success granted the US the bombs that ended the war with Japan as well as ushering (conducting) the country into the atomic era.

Atomic Bombs: Hiroshima & Nagasaki

the nuclear attack on the Japanese city of Hiroshima by the United States Army Air Forces on August 6, 1945 with the nuclear weapon "Little Boy,"; hastened the end of World War II

20th Amendment

Written by George Norris and also called the "Lame Duck Amendment," it changed the inauguration date from March 4 to January 20 for president and vice president, and to January 3 for senators and representatives. It also said Congress must assemble at least once a year.

Stock Market Crash

(October 9th, 1929) Overproduction (companies producing more good than were being purchased), unemployment (companies laid off workers), debt (people went into debt because they had no money to pay back loans), speculation (buying on credit, assuming prices will go up & you'll make money), banks lost money (they were invested in stock market), farm prices dropped (after war, European countries planted crops - no longer needed our crops)

Federal Reserve

aka “The Fed”; The country's central banking system, which is responsible for the nation's monetary policy by regulating the supply of money and interest rates.

Hawley-Smoot Tariff 1930

By taxing imported goods, Congress hoped to stimulate American manufacturing, but the tariff triggered retaliatory tariffs in other countries, which further hindered global trade and led to greater economic contraction.

Reconstruction Finance Corporation

primarily established to address these issues and restore confidence throughout the country by directly lending money to banks, industries, agriculture, insurance, and businesses.

21st Amendment

ended the Prohibition of alcohol in the US, repealing the 18th amendment

Fair Labor Standards Act

A government legislation that dealt with wages and child labor. It established a minimum wage and prohibited child labor in harsh and dangerous conditions.

Dust Bowl

the term given to the Great Plains where a severe drough hit, killing all of the crops of the region. The topsoil turned to a fine powdery dust that blew away with the severe, hot winds that wreaked havoc on the farmers who remained.

Indian Reorganization Act 1940

granted a new degree of autonomy to Native Americans in the US, giving them greater control over their lands and allowing them to form legally recognized tribal governments.

Mexican Deportation

the Labor Department announced plans to deport illegal immigrants to free jobs for American citizens; 82,400 were involuntarily deported by the federal government; Discrimination in the New Deal programs and competition for jobs forced thousands of Mexican Americans to return to Mexico; The Mexican Repatriation was a mass deportation of Mexicans and Mexican-Americans

Good Neighbor Policy

President FDR was determined to improve relations with the nations of Central and South America. Under his leadership the US emphasized cooperation and trade rather than military force to maintain stability in the hemisphere.

Stimson Doctrine

In 1932, the policy declared in a note to Japan and China that the US would not recognize any international territorial changes brought about by force. It was enacted after Japan's military seizure of Manchuria in 1931.

Munich Appeasement

Britain and France agreed to Hitler's demands, (Czechoslovakia must surrender its border regions and defenses (the so-called Sudeten region) to Nazi Germany) to prevent aggression from a war like nation

The Big Three

Churchill(UK), Roosevelt(US) and Stalin(Soviet Union); leaders who met between 1943 and 1945 to coordinate attacks on Germany and Japan, and later to discuss plans for postwar Europe and settlement of Germany

Casablanca Conference

the 1943 meeting between FDR and Churchill in which the two agreed to step up the Pacific war, invade Sicily, and insist on unconditional surrender.

Yalta Conference

A meeting in Yalta of President Roosevelt, Prime Minister Churchill, and Joseph Stalin in February in 1945, in which the leaders discussed the treatment of Germany, the status of Poland, the creation of the United Nations and Russian entry into the war against Japan.

Potsdam Conference

settling matters related to Germany and Poland, the Potsdam negotiators approved the formation of a Council of Foreign Ministers that would act on behalf of the US, UK, the Soviet Union, and China to draft peace treaties with Germany's former allies.

United Nations

Created at the end of World War II as an international peacekeeping organization and a forum for resolving conflicts between nations. The UN replaced the ineffective League of Nations, which had failed to prevent the outbreak of the Second World War.