1. Fundamental 1 (Cell adaptation, necrosis, intracellular accumulation)

Cell adaptation

The process by which cells adjust to changes in their environment to maintain homeostasis.

Necrosis

A form of cell injury which results in the premature death of cells in living tissue.

Intracellular accumulation

The buildup of substances within cells that can lead to cellular dysfunction.

Myocardial Hypertrophy

Increase in the size of heart muscle cells due to increased workload, often seen in patients with hypertension.

Left Ventricular Hypertrophy

Thickening of the heart's left ventricle wall, typically due to pressure overload.

Atrophy

A decrease in size or wasting away of a body part or tissue.

Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia

Noncancerous enlargement of the prostate gland, leading to urinary difficulties.

Metaplasia

A reversible change where one differentiated cell type is replaced by another cell type.

Barrett’s esophagus

A condition in which the esophagus is damaged by stomach acid, leading to metaplastic changes.

Coagulative Necrosis

A type of tissue necrosis typically due to ischemia, leading to cell death while preserving the tissue architecture.

Liquefactive Necrosis

A type of necrosis where the tissue becomes transformed into a liquid viscous mass.

Caseous Necrosis

A type of necrosis characteristic of tuberculosis, where the affected tissue has a cheese-like appearance.

Fat Necrosis

Necrosis of fat tissue associated with trauma or enzymatic processes.

Haemosiderosis

Excessive deposition of hemosiderin, a storage form of iron, within organs.

Dystrophic Calcification

Calcium deposition in damaged tissues despite normal serum calcium levels.

Metastatic Calcification

Calcium deposition in otherwise normal tissues due to elevated serum calcium levels.