Final Study guide Chapter 1

What's Glycolysis?

Rxns where glucose is oxidized into pryuvate. Most microbes use this to get energy

Citric Acid Cycle

-When pyruvate is oxidized into CO2, result is NADH that needs to be balanced (turned into NAD+)

-Strict fermenters don't undergo this process, they just turn pyruvate into acids/alcohols

Fermentation

-anaerobic metabolic process in which cells break down glucose (or other sugars) to produce energy (ATP) without using oxygen.

-Waste as alcohol/acids

- No electron transport chain or external electron acceptor

Electron Transport Chain (ETC)

Membrane-bound proteins that oxidize NADH/FADH2 into their electron acceptor NAD+/FAD correspondents using a final electron acceptor (usually O2)

ETC fuels the..

Proton motive force (pmf) that fuels ATP synthesis and motility, which is generated by electron flow

The PMF gives energy to..

ATP synthase to make ATP

What is oxidative phosphorylation?

ATP formation by ATP synthase when PMF is generated by ETC

Do fermenters have a PMF?

Yes, but only for motility, they do this by using ATP synthase to actively pump out protons. (ATP synthase used to use ATP instead of make)

Difference between Anaerobic and Aerobic microbes

Aerobic uses O2 as final acceptor, Anaerobic uses other molecules

Key features of Chemolithotrophy

-Uses Inorganic chemicals as electron donors

-Typically use CO2 as carbon source, making them autotrophs

Key features of phototrophy

-Light energy is used instead of chemical rxns to drive electron flow

-Use chlorylphyll to absorb light energy

Calvin Cycle

a biochemical pathway of photosynthesis in which carbon dioxide is converted into glucose using ATP

Growth Cycle phases

Lag, exponential, stationary, death (decline)

Lag phase `

Cells do not grow, new environment for cells takes time to adjust

Exponential Phase

Period where cell population doubles at regular intervals

Stationary Phase

No net increase or decrease in cell number, cells shift focus to maintenance instead of growth

Decline Phase

Total Cell number decreases due to cell death

What is a chemostat

A system used for the continuous culture of microbial cells, enables control over growth rate thru flow of nutrients

What are Halophiles?

Organisms that live in salty environments

Obligate anaerobes

organisms that cannot live where molecular oxygen is present

Facultative anaerobes

can live with or without oxygen

Oxygenic photosynthesis

-Electron Donor?

-Energy Source?

-Carbon Source?

Electron Donor: H2O

Energy Source: Light

Carbon Source: CO2

Anoxygenic photosynthesis

-Electron Donor?

-Energy Source?

-Carbon Source?

Electron Donor: H2S

Energy Source: Light

Carbon Source: CO2

Chemosynthesis

-Electron Donor

-Energy Source

-Carbon Source

-Electron Donor: H2S

-Energy Source: H2S

-Carbon Source: CO2

Anaerobic Respiration

-Terminal electron Acceptor?

-Product?

-S

-H2S