AP Biology Final

Substrate Level Phosphorylation

Enzyme regulated transferring of a phosphate group from a substrate to ADP

Light Dependent Reactions

Photo-system 2 →Photo-system 1 →NADPH

Lysosome

Breaks down excessive/worn down cell parts, used to destroy invading viruses or bacteria, and self-destruct function

Chemiosmosis

The proton gradient established by ETC powers and ATP synthase

Glycolysis

Sugar splitting reaction, Glucose → G3P → Pyruvate

Water + Carbon Dioxide

Glucose and Oxygen (Photosynthesis)

Mitochondrial Matrix

Contains many protein complexes and arranged with many folds called cristae

Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)

Chemical energy formed within cellular respiration

Glucose + Oxygen

Water and Carbon Dioxide (Cellular Respiration)

Negative Feedback

serves to reduce an excessive response of homeostasis

Cytochrome C

Shuttles electrons between transport proteins in the electron transport chain

Active Transport

Pumping a substance against its concentration gradient (low to high) disrupting equilibrium

Tension Cohesion Model

The idea that water is drawn from the soil due to the fact that water is cohesive and/or due to osmosis.

Protein Conformation

Primary, secondary, tertiary, Quaternary

CoEnzyme A

Forms an unstable bond with the 2-C compound in Cellular Respiration within the mitochondrial matrix

Osmolarity

the measure of solute concentration

Light Independent Reactions

Calvin cycle, CO2 → RuBP and 6C → Reduction → Output of G3P

Oxaloacetate

4 Carbon molecule within Citric Acid Cycle/Krebs Cycle

Oxidative Phosphorylation

Cellular Respiration

Phloem

transports the soluble organic compounds made during photosynthesis and known as photosynthates, in particular the sugar sucrose, to the rest of the plant.

Phosphorylation Cascade

a sequence of signaling pathway events where one enzyme phosphorylates another, causing a chain reaction leading to the phosphorylation of thousands of proteins

Carbon Fixation

the process by which inorganic carbon is converted to glucose

Signal Transduction Pathway

amplify the message producing multiple intracellular signal for every one receptor that is bound

Photosystem

A reaction center in the thylakoid membrane associated with light-harvesting complexes/ where the pigment molecules are located

Cyclic AMP

considered a secondary messenger fro intracellular signal transduction

Photolysis

Light energy splits water

Receptor

receives ligands

Apoptosis

cell death

Cyclins

proteins that bind to Cdks

Root Pressure

force that helps to drive fluids upward into the water-conducting vessels

Positive feedback

when the product of a reaction leads to an increase in that reaction

Xylem

transport water from roots to stems and leaves

Endocrine Signaling

cells transmit signals over long distances

Thylakoid

in stacks called grana and the site of light dependent reactions

Protein Kinases

relay molecules within transduction pathway and cause phosphorylation cascades

Cyclic Electron Flow

Photosystem 1 does not move electrons to NADPH

G-protein

activated by receptor → activates enzyme

RuBP

combines with CO2 in Calvin Cycle

Ligand

lipid soluble or water soluble

Chlorophyll

primary pigment used in photosynthesis

Stomata/Stoma

plant pores for gas exchange

Stroma

site of light independent reactions

Homeostasis

self-regulating process by which organisms maintain physiological stability

Electron Transport Chain

exchange of electrons and then O2 is final receptor

Grana

stacks of thylakoids

Target Cell

the cell the ligand is supposed to affect

Nucleotide

Monomer of nucleic acid

Carbohydrate

C,H,O

Lipid

C,H,O,P

Nucleic Acid

CHNOP

Rubisco

the most abundant enzyme on earth

Activation Energy

the minimum amount of extra energy required by a reacting molecule to get converted into product (enzymes lower energy)

Substrate

the before molecule(s) of an enzyme reaction

Reduction

when electrons are added

Hydrophilic

water loving

Disulfide Bridge

stabilize proteins

Hydrophobic

water hating

Symport

two substances actively transported in the same direction

Peripheral protein

on the outside of the membrane

Phospholipid

have hydrophilic heads and hydrophobic tails

Antiport

two substances actively transported in the opposite directions

Aquaporin

integral membrane proteins that serve as channels in the transfer of water across the membrane

Integral protein

non-polar region within the phospholipids

Polarity

how strongly it attracts to other molecules

Adhesion

tendency of dissimilar particles or surfaces to cling to one another

Standard Error of the Mean

indicates how well the mean of a sample estimate the true mean of a population

Null Hypothesis

stating there is no relationship between two variables

Independent Variable

manipulated variable

Standard Deviation

how spread out the data is from the mean

Verification

the process of establishing the truth, accuracy, or validity of something

Dependent Variable

measured or observed variable

Pyruvic Acid

formed during glycolysis during cellular respiration

Cristae

folds within mitochondrial matrix

ATP Synthase

the potential energy of the concentration gradient is converted to kinetic energy and forcefully combines ADP with P to from ATP

NADH

formed during the citric acid cycle/kreb's cycle by a reduction of NAD+, the electrons are later used for the ETC

Exocytosis

bulk transport - vesicles released by the golgi fuse with the cell membrane, releasing their contents to the external environment

Citric Acid

formed with the 2 carbon molecules from Acetyl CoA to the oxaloacetate

Chaperonin

protein folding function

Phagocytosis

ingestion of bacteria or other material

Active Transport

pumping a substance against it's concentration gradient

Tonicity

the ability of a surrounding solution to cause a cell to gain or lose water

Kreb's Cycle/Citric Acid Cycle

Pyruvate →Citrate → reduce NAD+ and FAD →2NADH and FADH2

Active Site

site in which the substrates are catalyzed

Allosteric Site

Another binding site that is not the active site and it is the binding site for inhibitors and activators

Cholesterol

within the cell membrane

Hypertonic

more concentration outside of the cell → water flushes out

Surface Tension

the property of the surface of a liquid that allows it to resist an external force

Holoenzyme

compound formed by an enzyme and coenzyme

Base

A solution with a pH higher than 7

Kinetic Energy

the energy an object has because of its motion

H+ ions

used to form a concentration gradient in the ETC and then used in chemiosmosis in which they are transported through ATP synthase

Competitive Inhibition

inhibition within the active site of the enzyme

Hydrolysis

any chemical reaction in which a molecule of water breaks one or more chemical bonds

Anabolism

the set of metabolic pathways that construct molecules from smaller units

Amphipathic

having both __hydrophilic__ and __hydrophobic__ parts

Apoenzyme

inactive protein part of an enzyme, requires a coenzyme

Hydrogen Bonds

force of attraction between a hydrogen atom and other molecule

Coenzyme

an organic molecule that binds to the active sites of certain enzymes to assist in the catalysis of a reaction

Cell Plate

the disk formed during the mitosis of plant cells

Sister Chromatids

formed prophase (the DNA is duplicated during synthesis)