PEPTIDE HORMONES AND STEROID HORMONES

preprohormone

[1] Before a peptide hormone becomes active, it exists first as a

_ in the endoplasmic reticulum. Recall that Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum is capable of synthesizing proteins (since it contains RIBOSOMES).

signal sequence

[2] In the Endoplasmic reticulum, the preprohormone is created first.

Once it is cleaved, it loses its _and it will become a

prohormone.

transport vesicle

[3] The prohormone leaves the endoplasmic reticulum via a _and reaches the golgi apparatus.

secretory vesicle

[4] In the golgi apparatus, it will undergo packaging processing until

it will be enclosed in a _.

peptide fragments

[5] Once inside the secretory vesicle, the enzymes present will

cleave the prohormone, specifically _ which

liberate the active hormone. The conversion of prohormone to

active hormone occurs in the secretory vesicle. Peptide hormones

are "pre-made". Once formed, it remains in the cells UNTIL it is

needed.

G protein

When the peptide hormone binds to its target receptor, it will

stimulate or activate a _→  a protein that lies adjacent to the receptor of the hormone

adenylyl cyclase

Purpose of _ → to convert ATP into CAMP.

cyclic adenosine monophosphate

_ now serves as the secondary messenger of the peptide

hormone. Since the hormone cannot enter the cell, it needs

something else like a substitute to carry out its function inside the

cell.

protein kinases

You need to activate your _because these enzymes

have the power to add phosphate groups to inactive proteins inside

the cell, a process called phosphorylation.

activated protein

Once the _ is formed, it can now induce the cellular

change or biological response inside the cell depending on the

command of the hormone that originally bound to the receptor.

hormone-receptor complex

Now, once the steroid hormone encounters its receptor inside the cytoplasm, they will form what we call a → enter the nucleus → triggers transcription and translation, processes that lead to the production of specific proteins.