Psychology Final 2025

behavioral

school of psychology; belief that we learn our behavior

cognitive

school of psychology; belief that our behaviors come from how we think

biological

school of psychology; belief that our behaviors come from our brain and body

evolutionary

school of psychology; belief that we have evolved to have certain behaviors that help us survive

psychodynamic

school of psychology; behavior from your subconscious

socio-cultural

school of psychology; we do things because of the culture and society we live in

humanistic

school of psychology; belief that we do things in order to be our best self

nature

we inherit our behaviors from our genes and evolution

nurture

our behaviors are learned through our environment

independent variable

can be changed in an experiment

dependent variable

depends on the independent variable

control group

does not receive treatment in an experiment

experiment group

receives the treatment in an experiment

sampling bias

a group being studied that doesn’t actually represent a larger group that the studier is interested in

confirmation bias

only paying attention to the information that supports what the studier is interested in

what ethical guidelines are followed when conducting psychological research?

informed consent, do no harm, confidentiality, and anonymity

classical conditioning

behaviors that you have learned; positive or negative consequences

operant conditioning

behaviors learned through unconsciously associating a stimulus with a negative consequence

neutral stimulus

stimulus that used to mean nothing

unconditioned stimulus

stimulus you do not have to learn

unconditioned response

unlearned response you automatically do

conditioned stimulus

was a natural stimulus but now learned that it means nothing

conditioned response

response to the conditioned stimulus you now associate with the unconditioned stimulus

little albert experiment

fear can be learned by associating something harmless with something scary

bobo doll experiment

if something pleasant happens, we will repeat the action, if something unpleasant happens, we will not do the action agian

thorndike’s puzzle box

actions are shaped by consequences

the skinner box

we learn by observing others

positive reinforcement

something has to be added; increases the behavior

positive punishment

something has to be added; increases the behavior

negative reinforcement

something has to be removed; increases behavior; “ill do it if you stop”

negative punishment

something has to be removed; decreases behavior