ap world unit 5

revolutions

seven years war

1754-1763; Britain and France joined battle in North America, the Caribbean, West Africa, and South Asia; the expenses of those conflicts led the British to impose new taxes on their North American colonies and the French Monarchy to seek new revenue from its landowners; this contributed to the launching of the North American and French revolutions

american revolution

successful rebellion against British rule conducted by the European settlers in the thirteen colonies of British North America, starting in 1776; a conservative revolution whose success preserved property rights and class distinctions but established republican government in place of monarchy

declaration of independence

a document written by the North American colonies of Britain declaring themselves to be independent of the British Crown; July 4, 1776

federalist papers

a collection of 85 articles and essays written by Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, and John Jay to promote the ratification of the Constitution of the United States

U.S. constitution

the “supreme law” of the United States; supersedes the Articles of Confederation (the nation’s first constitution); delineates the national frame of government

bill of rights

the first ten amendments to the US Constitution

King Louis XVI (16th)

the final king of france prior to the fall of the monarchy during the French Revolution

three estates of france

also known as the 3 legal orders of france; they comprise the Estates General; the clergy, the nobility, and the commoners

declaration of the rights of man and citizens

charter of political liberties, drawn up by the French National Assembly in 1789, that proclaimed the equal rights of all male citizens; the declaration gave expressions to the essential outlook of the French Revolution and became the preamble to the French constitution completed in 1791

french revolution

massive upheaval of French society (1789-1815) that overthrew the monarchy, ended the legal privileges of the nobility, and for a time outlawed the Catholic Church; proceeded in stages, becoming increasing radical and violent until the period known as the Terror in 1793-1794, after which it became more conservative, especially under Napoleon

terror of 1793-1794

the most violent stage of the French Revolution leading to a more conservative period of the Revolution under the rule of Napoleon Bonaparte

Maximilian Robespierre

Leader of the French Revolution during the Terror

committee of public safety

executed tens of thousands of enemies of the revolution until he was arrested and guillotined

olympe de gouges

playwright and journalist; appropriated the language of the Declaration of Rights to insist that “woman is born free and lived equal to man in her rights.”

Napoleon Bonaparte

french head of state and general (1799-1815); Napoleon preserved much of the French Revolution under a military dictatorship and was responsible for the spread of revolutionary ideals through his conquest of much of Europe

Saint Domingue

regarded as the richest colony in the world; had about 8,000 plantations and produced about 40% of the world’s sugar and half of its coffee; 500,000 slaves who also made up the majority of the colony’s population; 40,000 whites; 30,000 gens de couleur libres

gens de couleur libres

free people of color; people of a mixed-race background

grand blancs

the rich white landowners

petit blancs

less wealthy whites, not landowners

Jean-Jacques Dessalines

Haiti’s first head of state under the 1805 constitution and the leader of the Haitian Revolution

haitian revolution

the only fully successful slave rebellion in world history; the uprising in the French Caribbean colony of Saint Domingue (later renamed Haiti) was sparked by the French Revolution and led to the establishment of an independent state after a long and bloody war (1791-1804); its first leader was Toussaint Louverture, a former slave

latin american revolution

series of risings in the Spanish and Portuguese colonies of Latin America (1808-1825

hidalgo-morelos rebellion

socially radical peasant rebellion in Mexico (1810) led by the priests Miguel Hidalgo and José Morelos

tupac amaru

Leader of a Native American rebellion in Peru in the early 1780s, claiming the last Inca emperor as an ancestor

simon bolivar

a Venezuelan military and political leader who led several countries to independence from the Spanish Empire

jose de san martin

Argentine general and the primary leader of the southern and central parts of South America’s successful struggle for independence from the Spanish Empire

great Jamaica revolt

Slave rebellion in the British West Indies (1831-1832) inspired by the Haitian Revolution, in which around 60,000 slaves attacked several hundred plantations; the discontent of the slaves and the brutality of the British response helped sway the British public to support the abolition of slavery

abolitionist movement

an international movement that condemned slavery as morally repugnant and contributed much to ending slavery in the Western world during the nineteenth century; the movement was especially prominent in Britain and the United States beginning in the late 18th century

american civil war

occurred in the United States between the Union and the Confederacy; the war was over the expansion of slavery which was the loosing side; the Union won

nationalism

the focusing of citizens’ loyalty on the notion that they are part of a “nation” with a unique culture, territory, and common experience, which merits an independent political life; first became a prominent element of political culture in 19th century Europe and the Americas

unification of italy/germany

the gathering of previously fragmented political peoples into a new state

vindication of the rights of women

written by Mary Wollstonecraft, this tract was one of the earliest expressions of feminist consciousness

elizabeth cady stanton

leading figure of the early women’s rights movement in the United States; at the first women’s rights convention in seneca falls, new york, in 1848, she drafted a statement paraphrasing the declaration of independence, stating that men and women were created equal

first nation to grant women’s suffrage

New Zealand in 1893

maternal feminism

movement that claimed that women have value in society not because of an abstract notion of equality but because women have a distinctive and vital role as mothers; its exponents argued that women have the right to intervene in civil and political life because of their duty to watch over the future of their children

What were the most important short-term and long-term outcomes of the Atlantic revolutions?

in the short-term due to new connections among societies that came from the columbian voyages and european conquest many empires had revolutions that were inspired by other empires revolutions; in the long-term there was a new found nationalism in countries brought from the revolutions

How did the ideas of the Enlightenment contribute to the Atlantic revolutions?

Enlightenment ideas of liberty, equality, and free trade were supposed to extend political rights further than ever before and provided the basis for the revolutions

How did the French Revolution differ from the American Revolution

the major difference was that the american revolution did not have a reign of terror like the french revolution

How would the mass executions of the Terror have impacted the way that people outside of France interpreted the French revolution

the french revolution appealed to lower classes of people while upper classes became fearful of slave revolts

What caused the French revolution to become much more radical than the american revolution

while the american revolution expressed the tensions of a colonial relationship with a distant imperial power, the french insurrection was driven by sharp conflicts within french society

what was distinctive about the haitian revolution when compared to other revolutionary movements in the atlantic and elsewhere in world history

it was the only completely successful slave revolt; it slowed revolutionary movements in latin america and was truly radical in that it either executed or forced the ruling elites to flee

In what ways did the spread of Enlightenment philosophy affect independence movements in latin america

with the exception of haiti, latin american revolutions brought independence to new states but offered little social change or political opportunity for the vast majority of people

How did slave resistance, such as the Great Jamaican Revolt, impact the representation of slaves in abolitionist imagery

represent slaves as discontent with their situation; showed that slaves were unhappy and the brutality they were treated eventually swayed the opinion of the people as many came forward in favor of abolishing slavery as they saw it as both morally wrong and politically wrong

how did the end of slavery transform/affect the lives of former slaves

many slaves were released into areas like Freetown to live their lived in a way they hadn’t before; economically lives did not improve; outside of haiti freed slaves did not achieve anything close to political equality

what accounts for the growth of nationalism as a powerful political identity in the 19th century

showed that sovereignty rested with the people of the state

what were the achievements of 19th century feminism

increased amount of women in universities and higher overall female literacy rates; women became teachers and a few became professionals in the medical field

industrial revolution

the transition to new manufacturing processes in Great Britain, continental Europe, and the United States; included going from hand production methods to machines, new chemical manufacturing and iron production processes, the increasing use of steam power and water power, the development of machine tools, and the rise of the mechanized factory system

steam engine

the great breakthrough of the industrial revolution, the coal-fired steam engine provided an almost limitless source of power and could be used to drive any number of machines as well as locomotives and ships; the introduction of the steam engine allowed a hitherto unimagined increase in productivity and made the industrial revolution possible

Anthropocene era

the era of the industrial revolution; historians and scientists use this name to mark a new era in both human history and the history of the planet; left a mark on the ecological, atmospheric, and geological history of the earth

british textile industry

the site of the initial technological breakthroughs of the industrial revolution in 18th century britain where multiple innovations transformed cotton textile production, resulting in an enormous increase in output

british aristocracy

noblemen; often landowners; long the dominant class in Britain

middle-class society

british social stratum developed in the 19th century, composed of small businessmen, doctors, lawyers, engineers, teachers, and other professionals required in an industrial society; political liberal, they favored constitutional government, private property, free trade, and social reform within limits; had ideas of thrift, hard work, rigid morality, “respectability”, and cleanliness

reform bill of 1832

broadened the right to vote to many men of the middle-class, but not middle-class women

ideology of domesticity

a set of ideas and values that defined the ideal role of middle-class women in 19th century Europe, focusing their activity on homemaking, child rearing, charitable endeavors, and “refined” activities as the proper sphere for women

lower-middle class

social stratum that developed in Britain in the 19th century and that consisted of people employed in the service sector as clerks, salespeople, secretaries, police officers, and the like; by 1900, this group comprised about 20 percent of Britain’s population

laboring classes

the majority of britain’s 19th century population, which included manual workers in the mines, ports, factories, construction sites, workshops, and farms of britain’s industrializing and urbanizing society; this class suffered the most and at least initially gained the least from the transformations of the industrial revolution

karl marx

the most influential proponent of socialism, marx was a german expatriate in england who advocated working-class revolution as the key to creating an ideal communist future

labour party

british working-class political party established in the 1890s and dedicated to reforms and a peaceful transition to socialism, in time providing a viable alternative to the revolutionary emphasis of marxism

luddite

organization of english workers in the 19th century protesting adoption of textile machinery

“culture of consumption”

a form of material culture facilitated by the market, which thus created a particular relationship between the consumer and the goods or services he or she uses or consumes

socialism in the US

fairly minor political movement in the US; at its height in 1912, it gained 6% of the vote for its presidential candidate

progressives

followers of an american political movement in the period around 1900 that advocated reform measures such as wages-and-hours legislation to correct the ills of industrialization

crimean war

conflict between the russian and ottoman empires fought primarily in the crimean peninsula; british and french sent troops to support to ottomans and prevent russian expansion

russian revolution of 1905

spontaneous rebellion that erupted in russia after the country’s defeat at the hands of japan in 1905; the revolution was suppressed but it forced the government to make substantial reforms

caudillos

military strongmen who seized control of a government in 19th century latin america, and were frequently replaced

Antonio lopez de santa ana

a caudillo; the president of his country at least 9 separate times between 1833-1855

latin american export boom

large-scale increase in latin american exports to industrializing counties in the second half of the 19th century, made possible by major improvements in shipping; the boom mostly benefitted the upper and middle classes

guano

porfirio diaz

Mexican dictator that caused thousands of deaths along the US border

pancho villa

emiliano zapata

mexico revolution

long and bloody war in which mexican reformers from the middle class joined with workers and peasants to overthrow the dictator porfirio díaz and create a new, much more democratic political order

dependent development

united fruit company