Endocrinology

Pineal Gland ( What does it do/ Where is it located)

• located in the midline of the brain specifically in epithalamus ( a region above the thalamus)

• regulates the secretion of melatonin ( makes you sleepier)

  • highest in the middle of the night

    • blue light affects melatonin levels → less sleepier.

  • lowest during the day.

Hemoglobin A1C

blood test that measures blood sugars in the CELL not the blood vessel.

Type 1 Diabetes

• pancreas makes NO insulin

• must have insulin injections. ( Insulin Dependent)

Type 2

• ( Insulin RESISTANT)

• pancreas produces enough insulin, but something goes wron either with cell binding / signaling. → glucose stays in the blood →

TX: ( steps to proceed if the previous does not work).

1) pills / medications

2) second medication in different categories

3) insulin injection

Hyperthyroid

• condition where the thyroid gland produces too much thyroid hormone.

Why is T3 and T4 low but high TSH in Hypothyroid?

Hypothyroid= thyroid gland isn’t producing as much T3 T4.

Pituitary sends TSH signal to Thyroiif to produce, but thyroid is producing low levels.

• the pituitary gland tries to mitigate the low levels of T3 and T4 and tries to produce more TSH to stimulate thyroid to keep up. ( uses feedback loops)

Why is T3 and T4 high but TSH low in Hyperthyroid

Hyperthyroidism= overactive thyroid gland producing more T3 and T4 hormone.

Pituitary releases TSH signal into bloodstream, the thyroid is over producing T3 and T4 hormone.

• the Pituitary gland tries to slow the thyroid gland by releasing lesser amounts of TSH.

What hormone raises blood sugar

Glucagon.

Glucagon

-secreted by pancrease helps raise blood slugar when it is too low

CGM ARM

Continuous Glucose Monitor

• patch on arm that has a needle pricking their skin ( constant catheter)

• monitors your blood sugar, and sends it to your phone if blood sugar is dangerously low.

Hypothalamus

• involved in controlling:

  • homeostasis.

  • hormones.

• body temperature, hunger and thirst, mood, sex drive, blood pressure and sleep.

Pituitary Gland & What hormones does it produce?

• “ master gland”

  • regulates by releasing many of the body hormones

• Anterior Pituitary:

  • growth hormone

  • follicle ( egg ) stimulating hormone

  • luteinizing hormone ( male reproductive system)

  • adrenocorticotropic hormone

  • thyroid simulating hormone

  • prolactin ( makes milk)

• Posterior Pituitary:

  • oxytocin ( tells female reproductive system to make contractions)

  • vasopressin ( antidiuretic hormone)

What does pituitary tell the thyroid to make

• Thyroid stimulating hormone ( TSH)

  • stimulates T3 and T4.

What are the 3’s that Adrenal Glands make

-sugar ( cortisol)

-salt

Addisons / Cushing Disease

• disorder of Adrenal Glands.

Addison’s Disease

• low bp

• cold skin

• tired

• low sodium

  HIGH in:

  • pigmentation ( bronzy)

  • potassium

TX:

steroids

Cushings Disease

• high bp

• high sodium / glucose

• high hair

• buffalo

• low potassium

• big stretch marks “ purple striae”

• “ rosy cheeks”

  TX:

Thyroid Gland steps

Hypothalumus releases TRH

pituitary releases TSH

TSH gives T3, T4 hormones.

• thy

Hypothyroidism

• LOW T3, T4.

• HIGH TSH.

does not produce enough thyroid.

Causes:

• iodine deficiency

• hashimoto’s thyroiditis

TX:

???? * take

Goiter

-swelling of thyroid gland.

Which gland make Thyroid Stimulating Hormone ( TSH)

Pituitary Gland

Which gland makes T3 T4

thyroid gland.

Parathyroid

regulates calcium.

Diabetes Mellitus ( DM)

Polydipsia ( excessive thirst → body tries to dilute the amount of blood sugar) )

polyuria

polyphagia

What is a disease marked by low cortisol

Addison’s Disease

Name 3 glands in brain

• pineal

• hypothalamus

• pituitary