Thẻ ghi nhớ: Unit 1-6 | Quizlet

Management

The process used to accomplish organizational goals through planning, organizing, leading, and controlling people and other organizational resources

manager

An individual who is in charge of a certain group off tasks, or a certain area or department of a business.

Chief Executive Officer (CEO)

The most senior manager responsible for the overall performance and success of a company.

Planning

A management function that includes anticipating trends and determining the best strategies and tactics to achieve organizational goals and objectives.

Organizing

A management function that includes designing the structure of the organization and creating conditions and systems in which everyone and everything work together to achieve the organization's goals and objectives.

leading

Creating a vision for the organization and guiding, training, coaching, and motivating others to work effectively to achieve the organization's goals and objectives

Controlling

A management function that involves establishing clear standards to determine whether or not an organization is progressing toward its goals and objectives, rewarding people for doing a good job, and taking corrective action if they are not.

Motivation

factors that influence the behavior of workers towards achieving business goals. Motivation can be increased by:

a. monetary rewards

b. non-monetary rewards

c. introducing ways to give job satisfaction.

job satisfaction

The enjoyment a worker gets from feeling that they have done a good job. There are three ways to motivate workers to be more committed to their job and work more effectively:

Job rotation (swapping workers round and only doing a specific task for a limited time before swapping round again).

Job enlargement (extra tasks are added to the job to make it more interesting)

Job enrichment (adding tasks that require more skill and/or responsibility)

job rotation

swapping workers round and only doing a specific task for a limited time before swapping round again

job enlargement

extra tasks are added to the job to make it more interesting

job enrichment

adding tasks that require more skill and/or responsibility

Theory X

The average person does not like work. Workers must be constantly supervised so they will work. Motivation is from external factors, e.g. pay schemes where the workers are paid more for increased output.

Theory Y

The average person is motivated by internal factors. To motivate workers, you need to find ways to help workers take an interest in their work, e.g. give rewards, incentives.

Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs

A theory of motivation which states that five categories of human needs dictate an individual's behavior. Those needs are physiological needs, safety needs, love and belonging needs, esteem needs, and self-actualization needs

Frederick Herzberg's motivation theory

Humans have two sets of needs: one is for the basic needs, which he called hygiene factors or needs, and the second is for a human being to be able to grow psychologically, which he called motivational needs or motivators.

hygiene factors

The factors that must be present in the workplace to prevent job dissatisfaction.

Organizational Structure

The levels of management and division of responsibilities within an organization.

hierarchy

The levels of management in any organization, from the highest to the lowest. A level of hierarchy refers to managers/ supervisors, other employees who are given a similar level of responsibility in an organization

chain of command

The structure in an organization which allows instructions to be passed down from senior management to lower levels of management

span of control

The number of subordinates working directly under a manager

Directors

Senior managers who lead a particular department or division of a business

Line Manager

People who have responsibility for people below them in the hierarchy of an organization.

Supervisor

Junior managers who have direct control over the employees below them in the organizational structure.

staff managers

Specialists who provide support, information and assistance to line managers

Delegation

Giving a subordinate the authority to perform a particular task.

Decentralization

Taking decision away from the centre of an organization- way from the Head Office.

Glocalization

a combination of the words "globalization" and "localization." The term is used to describe a product or service that is developed and distributed globally but is also adjusted to accommodate the user or consumer in a local market.

Culture

defined as the complex system of values, traits, morals, and customs shared by a society.

context

refers to the stimuli, environment, or ambience surrounding an event

Lewis model

was developed by linguist and leading cross-cultural specialist Richard D. Lewis. The model divides humans into 3 clear categories, based not on nationality or religion but on BEHAVIOUR, namely, Linear-active, Multi-active and Reactive.

high-context culture

a culture by which the rules of communication are primarily and dominantly transmitted through the use of contextual elements. These include specific forms of body language, the social or familial status of an individual, and the tone of voice employed during speech. High-context cultures usually do not have rules that are explicitly written or stated.

low-context culture

refers to a culture whereby most communications take place through verbal language and rules are directly written out or stated for all to view.

power distance

the distribution of power among individuals within a culture and how well unequal levels of power are accepted by those with less power.

recruitment

the process from identifying that the business needs to employ someone up to the point at which applications have arrived at the business.

Employee Selection

the process of evaluating candidates for a specific job and selecting an individual for employment based on the needs of the organisation.

Job Analysis

identifies and records the responsibilities and tasks relating to a job.

job description

outlines the responsibilities and duties to be carried out by someone employed to do a specific job.

job specification

a document which outlines the requirements, qualifications, expertise, physical characteristics, etc., for a specified job

Internal recruitment

when a vacancy is filled by someone who is an existing employee of the business.

External recruitment

when a vacancy is filled by someone who is not an existing employee and will be new to the business.

Induction training

an introduction given to a new employee, explaining the business's activities, customs and procedures and introducing them to their fellow workers

on-the-job training

occurs by watching a more experienced worker doing the job

Off-the-job training

involves being trained away from the workplace, usually by specialist trainers.

Primary Sector

extracts and uses the natural resources of Earth to produce raw materials used by other businesses.

Secondary Sector

manufactures goods using the raw materials provided by the primary sector.

Tertiary Sector

provides services to consumers and the other sectors of industry

mixed economy

has both a private sector and a public (state) sector

public sector

the sector of the economy in which organisations are owned and controlled by the state (government)

private sector

The sector of the economy in which organisations are owned and controlled by individuals.

Privatisation

The sale of state-owned assets such as public corporations to the private sector

Sole trader

a business owned and operated by one person.

limited liability

the liability of shareholders in a company is limited to only the amount they invested.

unlimited liability

the owners of a business can be held responsible for the debts of the business they own. Their liability is not limited to the investment they made in the business.

Partnership

a form of business in which two or more people agree to jointly own a business

shareholders

the owners of a limited company. They buy shares which represent part-ownership of the company.

Private limited companies

businesses owned by shareholders but they cannot sell shares to the public.

Public limited companies

businesses owned by shareholders but they can sell shares to the public and their shares are tradeable on the Stock Exchange.

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