Parasitology E1 types of questions

What part of apicomplexans helps them penetrate the host cell

apical complex

what is the vector for malaria

anopheles quadrimaculatus

name the four species of Plasmodium

P. vivax

P. malariae

P. falciparum

P. ovale

what is the first step in the malarial life cycle

female takes a blood meal

• Salivarian transmission of sporozoites

what is the second step in the malarial life cycle

Sporozoites move to the liver (liver cells)

• The sporozoites multiply asexually in the liver cells over the next 7 to 10 days, causing no symptoms.

what is the third step of the malarial life cycle

In the bloodstream, the merozoites invade red blood cells (erythrocytes) and multiply again until the cells burst. Then they invade more erythrocytes. This cycle is repeated, causing fever each time parasites break free and invade blood cells.

What is the fourth step of the malarial life cycle

merozoites in these cells develop into sexual forms of the parasite, called gametocytes, that circulate in the blood stream.

what is the fifth step of the malarial life cycle

1. When a mosquito bites an infected human, it ingests the gametocytes, which develop further into mature sex cells called gametes (micro and macro)

   • The fertilized female gametes develop into actively moving ookinetes that burrow through the mosquito’s midgut wall and form oocysts on the exterior surface.

what is the sixth step of the malarial life cycle

Inside the oocyst, thousands of active sporozoites develop. The oocyst eventually bursts, releasing sporozoites into the body cavity that travel to the mosquito’s salivary glands.

• The cycle of human infection begins again when the mosquito bites another person.

Where is P. vivax found (geographically)

temperate locations

• asia

• africa

Where is P. malariae found (geographically)

rare and localized

• villages

Where is P. falciparum found (geographically)

tropical locations

Where is P. ovale found (geographically)

very rare

• africa

• philippines

• india

• S america

• vietnam

What cells are Plasmodium found in (human)

RBC

When in host cells, Plasmodium usually produce a pigment called —— from host ——-

hemozoin, hemoglobin

what is the definition of a paroxysm?, why do they occur?, and what do they cause?

When tons of RBCs erupt with merozoites at one time, causing fever, chills, sweating, then spent.

• these symptoms repeat 48-72 hours later for three weeks

Why do the primary attacks stop after three weeks

merozoites turn into gametocytes

• gametocytes do not lyse

What happens when hemozoin gets under the skin

jaundice

What other symptoms of RBC destruction are there

O2 loss

hemoglobin in brain

kidney failure

jaundice

Why is P. falciparum so deadly

60% of RBCs are infected

• clumpy/sticky

• hemorrhaging

What are the clinical conditions of P. falciparum

Cerebral malaria

• hypoxia

pulmonary edema

algid malaria

blackwater fever

• massive RBC lyse

• hemozoin in urine

• caused by inadequate initial treatment

what drugs are used to treat malaria

Quinie: disrupts schizogony

chloroquine: disrupts schizogony

primaquine: exoerythrocytic schizogony

• toxic side effects

Larium: for chloroquine-resistant, affects sporozoites, schizonts, gametocytes, exo/erthro

what is a local infection called

endemic

what is a more than average infection (distribution) called

epidemic

Why do we experience malarial symptoms

our immune responses

what is to blame for the increase in malarias prevalence

Development of resistance in the parasite to antimalarial drugs and in the vector to insecticides

how many days does it take sporozoites to enter the liver from the initial injection

one to two days

why do sporozoites invade liver cells (typically)

A protein covering the surface of the sporo- zoite (circumsporozoite protein) bears a ligand (molecule that specifically and noncovalently binds to another mol- ecule) that binds to receptors on the basolateral domain of the hepatocyte cell membrane.

When merozoites leave liver cells to penetrate erythro- cytes in the blood, they initiate an

erythrocytic cycle.

What happens when development of merozo- ites is completed,

the host cell reputures, releasing parasite metabolic wastes and residual body, including hemozoin.

After an indeterminate number of asexual generations, some merozoites enter erythrocytes and become

macrogam- onts (macrogametocytes) and microgamonts (microgame- tocytes)

The ookinete penetrates the peritrophic membrane in the mosquito’s gut and migrates intracellularly and inter- cellularly131 to the hemocoel side of the gut. There it begins its transformation into an

oocyst

Sporozoite development takes from —-days to —— weeks depending on the species of Plasmodium and temperature.

10, 2

Most major clinical manifestations of malaria may be attributed to two general factors:

(1) the host inflammatory response, which produces the characteristic chills and fever as well as other related phenomena, and (2) anemia, arising from the enormous destruction of red blood cells

The characteristic paroxysms of fever in malaria closely follow maturation of each generation of ——— and rupture of —-that contain them

merozoites, RBCs

how long does a paroxysm typically last

8-12 hours

True or false: In P. falciparum, Fever episodes may be continuous or fluctuating, but a patient does not feel well between paroxysms, as in vivax and quartan malaria.

True

what parasite?

disease?

vector?

location?

Trypanosoma rhodesiense

sleeping sickness

• causes weakness

Glossina morsitans (tsetse fly)

East Africa

• buffalo

• warthog

• savannah animals

parasite, vector, cardinal sign, location

A) Trypanosoma cruzi

• Triatoma infestans

• chagas disease/ chagoma

  • edema at the bite site

• Romanas sign

• South America/ Mexico

B) Leishmania braziliensis

• Lutzomyia (sandfly)

• mucocutaneous leishmaniasis

• Brazil, Chile

C) Leishmania donovani

• Phlebotomus

• Kala-azar

  • Hepatosplenomegaly

• Middle East, East/Central Africa

D) Trypanosoma gambiense

• African Trypanosomiasis

• Glossia palpalis

• Winterbottoms sign

  • swelling of the lymph nodes

E) Trypanosoma

• Glossina rhodesiense

• African trypanosomiasis

  • african sleeping sickness

• rhodesiense

• East Africa

parasite lives in which organs

Brain: Naegleria fowleri trophs

Mouth: Entamoeba gingivalis trophs or Trichomonas tenax

Skin: Leishmania tropica

Liver/Spleen: Leishmania donovani

Blood: Trypanosoma gambiense

Eye: Ancathomeba spp.

• granulomatous amebic
  meningoencephalitis

Ear: Leishmania mexicana

parasite lives in which organs

duodenum/small intestine: Giardia duodenalis trophs

large intestine: Endolimax nana or Diatomoeba fragilis

cecum: Iodamoeba butschlii or Chilomastix mesnili

vagina: Trichomonas vaginalis

Lympg nodes: T. b. gambiense

parasite, vector, location, disease

Giardia duodenalis

contaminated water

mountains/ mountain water runnoff

giardiasis

parasite, vector, location, disease

Iodeamoeba butschlii

endosommensal

contaminated water

France and Egypt

in large intestine

parasite, vector, location, disease

Leishmania donovani

Lutomyia/Phlebotomus (sandfly)

East/Central Africa, East India, Middle East,

Visceral Leishmaniasis

parasite, vector, location, disease

Endolimax nana

contaminated water

endosommensal

Africa, South America

• tropical

parasite, vector, location, disease

Leishmania mexicana

Lutzomyia

Mexico/ South America

chiclero ulcer

Nagana caused by T. b. brucei

T or F: Glossina morsitans is a savanna species.

True

T or F: Glossina palpalis is a river/lake species

True

What are the American Triatoma species

sanguisuga and gerstaeckeri

what parasite is this image associated with

T. cruzi

what parasite is Megaesophagus and Megacolon associated with

T. cruzi