315 Buildings Final

Brunelleschi, Duomo, Santa maria del fiore   

Vasari description- Sent to us by heaven- new building technique  

First dome on a communal building  

Michelangelo finished it  

For the Medici Family (powerful family, many popes)  

 

Brunelleschi, San Lorenzo  

Rounded arches, flat ceiling  

70 ft nave (AMIENS 140 FT)  

Coffers on the ceiling  

Crossing sqaures (4 bays 20 coffers)  

Basilica plan   

Clerestories  

Dark and heavy architecture (during Gothic era)  

Long and narrow nave  

L.B. Alberti, sant' Andrea

Intellect architect( gave arch importance)  

Wanted Ideal Church  

Like St. Peters  

Start of cross shapes planned churches (pain and suffering)  

Start of the centrally planned  

Darkness amplifies the mystery  

Bramante, Tempietto  

Sculptural   

Marks were St. Peter was Crux.  

Domed and centrally Planned  

Lantern  

Drum  

Martyrium  

Collonade  

 Start of the rise of the popes power  

Bramante Plan For Saint Peter's  

One of the 5 variations  

Very brutalist (similar to Michealangelo (was Built))  

Sharp corners  

Colossal Order Pilasters   

Michealangelo St. Peters Plan  

Based off of bruneleschi   

Lantern  

dormers  

ribs  

garlands  

Round and triangular pediments  

Paired columns  

Centrally Planned  

Michelangelo, Vestibule(ricetto) Laurentians Library  

Columns in the crevices of the walls  

Not proper classicism  

Transitional space  

Fake windows  

Appears 3 stories high  

Drawn out staircase  

Grey stones(Pietra Serena)  

Palladio, Redentore  

On the water  

Dome  

Long nave  

Stacked pediments (5 on one façade)  

Palladio, villa rotunda  

Started as ag. function  

Symmetrical  

Outside Vincenza   

Relaxing space (Country home)  

Cube with a dome on top  

4 elevated entrances  

5 sculptures on pediments on each side  

FORM OVER FUNCTION (SHOULD BE REVERSED)  

Nomadic/portable/impermanent architecture  

Tents (lasts 20 years) (women made)  

Sheep wool, camel hair. Rope/twine  

Nomad dwelling  

Rooms- social functions  

Peaked and domed  

Circled layout/ animals in the center  

Tipis (north native)

Blackfoot/ crow/ cheyennee   

Made of 30+ animal hides  

Cardinal directions (doors – East)  

Men decorated tipis  

Depict animals/hunting  

Natural paints/pigments  

Claimed shelters  

Wigwams (long houses)   

Domed structure  

More permanent   

Wood w/ bark/straw mats on interior floor  

Would sleep on the ground  

More labor intensive- longer lifespan  

Iglus (igloos)  

15 blocks wide by 12 blocks high  

Good insulator  

Underground passage/structure  

Interconnected structure through tunnels  

Could reach 90 degrees inside  

Batammaliba houses  

African homes  

Monogamous (Social structure of single family (Nuclear Family))  

Earth and thatch   

Un walled villages  

Single entrances  

Divided among gender lines left- female   right-male  

Upstairs females jobs  

Organization represented female anatomy  

Great Mosque, Djenne  

Arabian + west African Architectureal styles  

Assymentrical  

Courtyard entrance  

Foundation for cleansing  

Oriented towards Mecca  

Qibla faces the market square  

Practical and political decision  

Classical  

St georges church  

Monalith structure  

Hindu inspired  

Holy Jerusalem- came in a dream  

Pilgrammage site  

Carved into sandstone  

40 ft deep trenches  

Concentric cross on the roof  

Greek cross more plus like  

Latin longer tail- basilica plan churches  

Tenochtitlan   

Center of the Mexican empire  

Present day mexico city'in 1519 only 200k inhabitants  

Hawk with snake in claws on a cactus- place to settle  

Basin w/ volcanos surrounding  

Cosways- bridgelike walkways  

Gridded cellular buildings  

Stone w/ mud and sticks  

Schools and farms / Advanced plumbing / Ballcourts zoos plazas  

Has pyramid social structure  

Flat top pyramids  

Go like figure on the top- often leaders  

Acoma pueblo  

"Sky city"  

Harsh desert  

Rural area (mesa)  

Oldest continuously occupied city  

Prospect refugee  

Have to climb to enter, on top of mesa  

Gridded (rectangular buildings)  

Adobe roofs  

Men- foundation and bricks  

Women- plaster  

Second homes (vacation homes)  

Ladder entrance from above ( more security)  

No interior circulation  

San Estevan  

Dark building with bright alter  

Baroque Architecture start  

Similar to St. Peters  

Has two towers (Symmetrical)  

Raised on holy ground  

Plaza in the front ( draws in Worshippers)   

Baroque

Irregular pearl  

Religious response to Protestantism  

Martin Luther  

1545 priest  

Fought irregularities   

Lutherism  

Era of conquering   

Showing the truth  

Ecstasy of St. Theresa   

Baroque – Maxamist Classicism   

Mix of material and media  

Material- store/plaster  

Media- painted plaster, stone that is painted like plaster  

Pavilion in the center  

Windows- hidden brings in light  

Bounces off rods and marble  

Behind the throne  

Mimics sunlight rays  

St. Thereas   

Stabbed by angel and burned  

Elaborate robes  

Bernini- replicated the burning in order to paint the image of the burned skin  

Piazza del popolo  

Large gates  

3 main architects   

2 matching churches ( line roads)  

Center of egyptian obulus  

Center of the Chrisitan pilgrimage  

  

St. Peters piazza and colonnade  

Piazza- views the pope's blessing  

Oval- encourages movement  

Favorite shape if baroque  

colonnade  

Doric order columns  

More masculine  

St. Peters façade and nave  

Narthex entrance porch  

Very large  

Dome- 40 stories high (448 ft tall)  

Holds relic  

Shows the passion of Christ  

`interior Solomonic columns – wavy (suggests movement)  

Canopy / Bronze and gold / Flora leaves / Bees carved (barbarini- bee is family image)  

Borromini, San Carlino alle Quattro Fontane  

Taller  

Baroque/gothic  

Clerestory  

Corinthian Columns  

More exotic  

Less color  

Smaller chapel  

No side chapels  

Axis and central plan  

White with gold accents  

Octagonal coffers  

Represents weeks (octagonal)  

Dramatic architectural elements  

Versallies gardens and grounds  

Tryium- courtyard space  

Kings apartment  

Center of the nation  

parteries  

Lawns and gardens  

Styling into shapes (embrodery patterns)   

Topiary- Tree carving/scultures  

Versailles Palace  

20 miles form the city  

Different from Italian Baroque  

2 stories and attics  

Paired columns like St. peters  

Rounded arch windows  

Interior  

High relief statues  

Parque floors  

Silver and gold  

mirrors  

Many frescos  

tapestries  

Shows power and authority  

Two salons – war., peace  

Used for survalliance experiment  

Many outdoor rooms 

Hall of mirrors  

Chandeliers  

Barrel vaults  

Orange trees (notable)  

Gold statues   

Mirrors- rare / Captures energy / Associated with Venus  

One side with all mirrors/ other with glass  

Hotel de soubise, Salon de la Princesse  

Rococo Style- more feminine  

Grand style   

aristocratic  

Paris after 1715  

natural inspiration  

Reckless linearity  

Love,beauty,life  

upstairs  

Wifes entertaining area  

Instrument shapes in the decoration  

White and gold  

Curved forms  

Mirror lined  

First design without the classical feature3s  

No columns or entablatures  

Start of adding more colors and feminine elements   

Forbidden City, Bejing  

Wall protection  

Streets are facing north and south  

Centrally planned   

Has a moat protected exterior  

Vierzehnhelign (14 saints)  

Cross shaped   

No lavish décor on the inside  

"cloud like'- pastel color palette  

No classical columns  

Topkapi Saray

More lavish gardens  

Wall protection  

Crenellations  

Elaborate entrance with spots for arches on the top  

Triyum  

Has the 4 courtyards  

Located next to water  

Suleymaniye Mosque  

Inspired by the Hagia Sophia  

Ottoman Islamic  

4 minarets  

(2(250') 2(180')  

Square and dome  

Mountain like  

Complex (Culture and health)  

Architect- sinan  

Cami- mosque  

Madrasa-school  

Hama- bathhouse  

Caravansaruy- lodging and stables  

Tubesi- tombs  

Imaret- hospital  

Many water features  

Protects private conversation (noise block)  

Many mosaics  

Red and white  

Structural rationalism (shows the structure) 

Maidan, Isfahan, Iran begun 1590 

Shans palace 

2 mosques 

Court and the great city mosque 

Show the power and generosity 

Chahar bagh plan  

4 rivers 

Milk honey water and wine 

Taj Mahal, Agra, India, 1631-47 

Made as a burial place for the architect and his wife (Shan Jahan) 

Hindu wives 

Very cultured 

Suburban complex on the waterfront 

4 minarets 

2 outbuildings 

One mosque and arranged into a Charbagh pan 

quadripartite garden divided into 4 segments by water 

Double dome system 

Symmetrical and geometrical  

Textual features 

Love and poetry 

Brick with marble veneer 

3 openings (like te villa rotunda) 

4 symmetrical quarters 

Shows political and creative power 

23. A. Darby and T. Pritchard, Iron Bridge, Coalbrookdale, England, 1779 

Darby and T. Pritchard, Iron Bridge, Coalbrookdale, England, 1779 

First bridge to be constructed with iron 

Lightweight construction 

Created a peaked roadway 

Symbol of the crossing between eras  

 
24. R. Boyle (Lord Burlington) and W. Kent, Chiswick House, London, England, 1725 

Great britian (neoclassicism) 

Symbolizes wealthy lifestyles /grace and Harmoney with nature 

Progressive 

no monarch and representative government  

similarities to the villa rotunda 

Square with dome 

Modest and clean’ 

pure

T. Jefferson, Monticello, Charlottesville VA, USA, begun 1770

Little hill 

The start of associationism 

Symmetrical 

Palladian dome 

American villa rotunda 

H. Flitcroft, Stourhead, Wiltshire, England, 1741-72 

Has a picturesque garden 

“Henry the Magnificent” 

Lot of inspiration from Europe 

Exposed him to Roman classical arch and the devotion to the gods 

Included garden landmarks 

The temple of flora 

roman goddess 

The grotto 

Retreat from the hot weather 

The Pantheon 

inspired by the one in rome 

Filled with statues 

The Palladian bridge 

5 arched stone bridge 

Athe bristol cross 

medevial monument 

The temple of apollo 

for apollo (Sun God) 

The gothic Cottage 

rustic 

“Watch Cottage” 

The Rock Arch 

Inspred by the choice of Hercules painting 

H. Walpole, Strawberry Hill, Twickenham, near London, 1749-80 

Gothic revival  

Fan vaulting  

new irregularities 

Elaborate ordementation  

pointed arches 

turretes  

Asymmetrical 

European gothic NOT french 

.-L. Boullée, Cenotaph for Isaac Newton, 1780 

Moument to the deceased 

Only drawings/never built 

Romantic neoclassicism 

Clarity to form 

Dome would have been 16 times michangelos 

J.-G. Soufflot, Ste. Genevieve (Pantheon), Paris, 1757-92 

Before the revolution 

Church 

French 

Rationlism 

The structure is shown 

Was a metropolitan church 

C.-N. Ledoux, Salines des Chaux, France, 1770-1800 

More rural 

Close to the salt mines 

Model factory town 

Produces salt (was vauble and rare / preservable) 

Controlled by the monarchy 

Selling/making 

“theater of Production” 

Plan 

Arch shaped (after expansion was a full circle) 

Central plan 

Similar to the colosseum 

Talking architecture 

Looks like the product 

Directors house was the center 

Panopticon 

The model/ideal prison 

T. Jefferson, State Capitol, Richmond VA, 1785 

Inspired by an ancient roman temple 

Used ionic columns rather than Corinthian 

Corner stone was placed by the current governor (Patrick Henry) 

Has an external dome 

T. Jefferson, Univ. of Virginia, Charlottesville VA, 1817-26 

Using arch as a tool 

10 pavilion unis 

Many 2 story buildings 

Professor quarters and classroom 

Model of any future universities 

Some buildings that are similar to the pantheon 

H. Labrouste, Bibliotheque Ste. Genevieve, Paris, 1843-50 

Rectangular plan 

2 levels 

Small arched windows 

Garlands 

Virtues 

Arched facade/arcade 

Palace of the people 

Name tablet exterior 

Interior 

Structural rationalism 

Tall/skinny columns (iron) 

Most important building in paris for the time 

K.F. Schinkel, Altes Museum, Berlin, Germany, begun 1822-30 

Art museum 

Looks like a temple 

Centrally planned (orderly flow) 

Universal serval 

Museums were seen as the new cathedrals 

Many investors (commissions) 

J. Paxton, Crystal Palace, London, 185

Largest building of its day 

New construction techniques (ridge and furrow construction) 

Covered in a pleated surface of glass 

 

Hosted the first world fair 

Large sit (848 x 408) 

Arched central transept 

Larger than any gothic cathedral 

Built with extraordinary speed (17 weeks) 

Iron, wood, and glass components 

 

Was tore down and moved  

Nonloadbearing walls  

Basilica building 

J.A., G.W. and E.W. Roebling, Brooklyn Bridge, New York NY, USA, 1869-83 

Largest metal suspension bridge of its time 

Allowed river traffic to pass underneath them 

5,862 feet long 

Anchorages are taller than 7 story buildings 

Rebuilding of Paris under Napoleon III and Baron G.-E. Haussmann, 1851-70 

Barricades 

Stops the police and has narrow windy streets 

Political upsets 

Riots and citizen vs police 

Desire to update the city  

Transportation 

Raise the economy 

Social changes 

 

Adds blvds 

20 new buildings 

C. Garnier, Opera, Paris, 1861-75 

Center of the blvds 

Peras was a place to show off clothes and wealth 

Unity to the urban fabric 

Hierarchy 

R.M. Hunt, D. Burnham, and others,Court of Honor, The “White City”, 

World’s Columbian Exposition, Chicago IL, USA,1893 

The American renaissance 

Worlds Columbian exposition 

Factory-peace operations 

 
Burnham and Root, The Rookery, Chicago, 1885-88 

Leading firms 

The original architects died 

Non-load bearing curtain wall 

Heavy masonry 

Not load bearing 

“over built” 

Gives a sense of stability 

Fireproof steel frame 

Elevator 

Makes the higher stories more valuable/ views 

NEW CONSTRUCTION SYSTEM 

Burnham and Root (Ch. Atwood), Reliance Building, Chicago, 1893 

Steel framework 

14 stories 

New purpose and structure  

“stacked” Modular  

Structural rationalism 

Curtain wall 

Terracotta 

Glazed baked clay 

Molded and cheap 

Vertical pier seperation 

Like tea houses 

Womens temple 

21 stories 

Bay windows 

horizontal 

Adler and Sullivan, Wainwright Building, St. Louis MO, USA, 18944. L. Sullivan, Carson, Pirie, Scott and Co. Store (formerly Schlesinger and Mayer), Chicago, 1898-1904 

Major work of ader and sullivan 

Sanit louis (peer) 

Non-identical facades 

2 parti walls 

Many windowless offices 

Many elevators/stairwells 

 

Vertical emphasis 

Grid system 

Relating to the classical columns 

. Horta, Tassel House, Brussels, Belgium, 1892 

The start of the art Nouveau 

ended in the 20^th century 

apparent metal structure 

Integrated decoration 

Natural lighting 

V. Horta, Van Eetvelde House, Brussels, 1898 

King leopold private property 

Organic 

Street entrance 

porters room 

Very darks (plays with the space) 

H. Guimard, Metro stations, Paris, 1900 

Made to open before the world fair

2 types 

Pavilion and stairs with lamps/ramps 

Entry arch and lamps 

Petal and flower like 

. J. M. Olbrich, Secession Building, Vienna, Austria, 1898 

Performance hall 

Vienna state opera house 

Early architects 

Big on hygiene 

A. Loos, Scheu House, Vienna, 1912-13 

Loos wanted to stir up chaos 

Art is not architecture 

function only (no ornament) 

Hated art nouveau 

Mixing of the cultures 

Wanted to separate exterior and interior 

Architect makes the exterior and the family designs the interior 

F.L. Wright, Ward Willits House, Highland Park IL, 1902 

A home in a prairie town 

Low horizontal exterior  

Uses the prairie's influence in the design 

Elimnated traditional divisions 

doorways 

Instead, orients rooms along a perpendical axis 

Alternating ceiling heights 

Organic Architecture 

. F.L. Wright, Unity Temple, Oak Park IL, 1906 

Transcendentalism 

Organic arch 

Uncovered concrete 

Massive monolithic cube of concrete 

flat roof 

No apparent entrance 

Celestry windows 

P. Behrens, AEG Turbine Hall, Berlin, 1908 

Berlin 

Large piers 

Holds trusses 

Exterior steel “columns” 

Separated with sheets of glass 

Inspired by Greek temples and king’s cross RR system 

NO ornament 

Only the AEG logo 

W. Gropius, The Bauhaus, Dessau, Germany, 1926 

Mass production and cheaply 

Open for 14 years 

Shut down by Hitler 

Utopian desire to shape society 

Anti-academic 

Student= apprentice 

Professors= masters 

Classrooms= workshops 

Teaches basics of design 

Many mediums 2D and 3D 

Functionalism 

Form Follows the function 

L. Mies van der Rohe, German Pavilion, Barcelona, Spain, 1929 

Assymmetrcial layout 

Overlapping pieces 

no alluded spaces 

Le Corbusier, Villa Savoye, Poissy, France, 1928-31

Utopian believer 

Rejected FLW 

Pan for 17 in Argentina 

Blank slate 

Tabulsa Rasa urbanism 

Replacing the old

. E. Howard, “Group of Slumless, Smokeless Cities,” Garden Cities of Tomorrow, 1902 

Categorizing spaces for specific functions 

Charted out 

Central city 

6 surrounding garden cities 

Each area is surrounded by a canal 

Whell shaped plan 

Circular canal going around the whole “city’ 

Le Corbusier, La Ville Contemporaine (City for 3 Million People), 1922

Straight Blvd. 

Open fields 

airport in the center 

Many motorways 

 

The start of the internation style 

A. Speer and A. Hitler, Germania model, Berlin, 1939 

Hitler’s vision for te futire during the WWII period 

Some parts were completed 

Megacity 

Large dome assembly hall 

Construction ended in 1943 after losing the war 

L. Costa, O. Neimeyer, et al., Ministry of Education and Health, Rio de Janiero, Brazil,1937-47

Symbolism 

First modern architecture use to show Brazil's political and economic 

transformations 

Was a competition build 

T shaped floor plan 

Two volumes of heights 

Administration tower 

14 floors plus an attic 

Height of the columns (4-10 meters) 

Gave the concept of monumentality in Brazilian architecture 

. L. Costa and O. Niemeyer, planpiloto and national congress, Brasilia, Brazil, begun 1956 

large city 

Plan piloto 

resembles a plane 

bus stop at the center of the city 

government support 

Open after 5 years 

2 axies 

Categorized zones 

F. L. Wright, Fallingwater, Bear Run PA, USA, 1935-38 

Regionalism 

Using the geographical features to design the structure 

Masonry ore 

Has the natural rocks poking through on the interior 

Build right over the water 

Lots of concrete and rock acccents 

Very christian 

Many crosses and cathedrals 

National congress 

2 domes 

Represent the capital in Wash. D.C 

L. Mies van der Rohe, 860-880 Lakeshore Dr., Chicago IL, 1948-51 

The twin apartment buildings 

First taste of domestic architecture 

Identical in volume and form 

Use glass and steel construction 

The first story is st back from the perimeters of the buildings 

Revelas structural columns 

Used the steel frames on the exterior to make the building fireproof (instead of 2 in 

concrete) 

Decorative I beam 

Levittown NY, begun 1947 

Mass produced  

Came with a kit to build on your own 

New models 

Made for “nuclear” families 

H. Fathy, New Gournea, Egypt, 1945-48 

500 homes 

“Build Arch with what is uner your feet” 

Straynig away from metal framingmud brick 

Natural heating and cooling 

Inexpensive houses 

Can build themselves 

Domes on the homes 

Was  not wanted (thought it was unsafe) 

ATBAT-Afrique, Carrieres Central, Casablanca, Morocco, 1951-55 

Low cost housing 

Homes are built on small square plots 

One or two room 

A Kitchen and a Small patio 

Are courtyards 

“honeycomb building” 

Did not fit the typical Morocco household 

Hekkmuth Yaamasaki, Leinweber, Pruitt-Igloe public Housing, St. Louis MO 1950-55 

33 eleven story concrete apartment buildings 

Small units designed for small families 

Had “skip-stop” elevatora 

Only stopped on certain floors 

Large south facing communal corriders 

“Galleries”-laundry and gabage chutes 

Built to samme the cnetral properties from lossing value 

Segregated housing                                                         

Pruitt- Colored 

Igloe-White 

C. Correa, Gandhi Memorial Museum, Ahmedabad, India, 1958-63 

Open air pavilions 

Like Fatehpur Sikri 

Like the Jewish community hall 

L. Kahn, National Assembly, Dhaka, Bangladesh, 1962-8

Looks like ruins

Looks as though it was a livable space that was abandon 

Large canal surrounding it 

Large stones/concrete 

K. Tange, Peace Center, Hiroshima, Japan, 1949-56 

Symbolizing a commitment to peace 

Supported on pillars 

Reinforced concrete 

Large scale (Social Human Scale) 

Drawing from Le Corbisuers 5 points 

sunscreens and modular arrangements 

Parabolic shaped sculpture (Saddle Shaped – shows the habitual tombs of former rulers of Japan) 

K. Kurokawa, Nagakin Capsule Building, Tokyo, Japan, 1972 

Intended for travelling businessmen 

Prototype for sustainability and recyclability  

Modules can plug in to the central core or easily replaced 

140 capsules 

14 stories 

Each capsule is for one person 

. N. Foster, Hong Kong and Shanghai Bank, Hong Kong, 1979-86 

44 stories 

The central core that divides the space 

The structure that is normally in the core is placed on the exterior 

3 towers placed together 

Entrance isa ten story atrium with natural lighting 

Escalators connecting each floor (62 total) 

Shipped from other countries and built on the site 

R. Venturi, Vanna Venturi House, Philadelphia PA, USA,1962 

Postmodern arch 

Classic pediments 

Symbolizing shelter 

Entrance in the center 

Windows located based on the function 

5 functional rooms 

Exterior appears bigger than it is 

Messes with the scale (some to big and some to little) 

minimized circulation space 

M. Graves, Portland Building, Portland OR, 1978-82

Postmodern 

Created Portlandia 

Competition building 

Low-cost design 

Symmetrical block with four off-white stucco covered rectangular facades 

Classical elements 

2 stories 

Reminisant of a Greek pedestal 

Color symbolism 

M. Lin, Vietnam Veteran’s Memorial, Washington DC, USA, 1981-82 

Postmodernist 

minimalist 

Appears as a gash in the landscape from afar 

58k names 

The three service man statues

The Women's memorial 

The flagpole representing the branches 

The in-memory plaque

F. Gehry, Gehry House, Santa Monica CA, USA, 1978 

Cyclone fencing 

Appears like mn homes that have been placed together 

Exposed 

uses a variey of materials 

Very private 

D. Libeskind, Jewish Museum, Berlin, 1989-99 

Social polical and cultural history 

The contributions by the jewish people 

The meaning og hte holocaust 

The future of berlin 

Is underground 

Both old and new structures 

Three underground axial routes 

The holocaust tower 

Garden of exile and emigration 

Stair of continuity 

Void is a zigzagging plan 

From one side of the museum to the other there are 60 bridges 

Herzog and DeMueron with Ai Weiwei, National Stadium, Beijing, China, 2003-08 

Inspirational structure for potential for democracy 

New symbolics are being warped 

Was detained for the building 

Open roofed structure 

Interwoven steel structs 

Main venue for the 2008 Olympics

Scott and Co. Store Chicago 1898-1904

Movement: 

• Art Nouveau

Formal Characteristics:

• Rounded corner entryway 

• Lavish decor

• Bronze ground floor 

• Ground floor- business

• Second floor- public access

• Attic

Function:

• Department store 

Purpose and Meaning:

• Emphasis upward momentum

Cultural Contexts:

• Shows the relationship between architecture and commerce

• New method of steel frame construction and American art Nouveau