psychology exam 1

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118 Terms

1

psychology

the study of mind and behavior

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2

plato

nature

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3

aristotle

nurture

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4

hippocrates

4 humors (yellow bile, black bile, phlegm, blood)

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5

wilhelm wundt

father of structuralism

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6

structuralism

school of thought whose goal is to identify basic structures of psych experience and the human mind

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7

introspection

research participants describe experiences as they work on mental tasks

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8

functionalism

school of thought focused on exploring how mental and behavioral processes function

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9

William James

functionalism; the mind is a stream of consciousness

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10

Mary whiton calkins

first woman president of apa

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11

psychodynamic

school of thought focused on how unconscious processes influence behavior

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12

sigmund freud

psychic determinism

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13

carl jung

individuation; collective consciousness; intra/extraversion

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14

psychodynamic

role of unconscious and early childhood experiences

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15

operational definition

statement of the exact procedures used in a research study

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16

acetylcholine

function: enables muscles, learning, memory

malfunction: ACh-producing neurons deteriorate in people with alheimers

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17

endorphins

function: influences pain or pleasure perceptions

malfunction: oversupply with opiate drugs can suppress bodys natural supply of endorphins

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18

dopamine

function: influences movement, learning, attention, emotion

malfunction: oversupply=schizophrenia undersupply=tremors

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19

serotonin

function: mood, hunger, sleep, arousal

malfunction: undersupply=depression (treated with SSRIs)

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20

neurotransmitters

acetylcholine, endorphins, dopamine, serotonin

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21

neuron

a nerve cell

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22

medulla

controls for heartbeat and breathing

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23

pons

coordinated movements and control sleep

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reticular function

filters incoming stim, relays important info, controls arousal

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thalamus

sensory control center

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26

cerebellum

enables nonverbal learning and skill memory; controls voluntary movement along with cerebral cortex

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27

amygdala

aggression and fear

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hypothalamus

hunger, thirst, body temp, sex behavior

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hippocampus

processes conscious and explicit memories

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30

limbic system

amygdala, hypothalamus, hippocampus

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cerebral cortex

perceiving, thinking, speaking, motor cortex, sensory functions, association areas

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frontal lobe

planning, judgement, thinking

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parietal lobe

touch info processing

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34

occiptal lobe

visual info processing

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35

temporal lobe

hearing and language

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36

methods to study the brain

lesions, EEG, fMRI

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37

plasticity

the brains ability to modify itself after damage

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38

blindness

unused areas of the brain used for other things instead

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39

behavior genetics

study of relative power and limits of genetic environmental influences on behavior

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40

epigenetic

the study of environmental influences on gene expression

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41

consiousness

subjective awareness of ourselves and out environment

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42

altered states of consciousness

daydreaming, drowsiness, dreaming, hallucination, food or O2 starvation, sensory deprivation, hypnosis, meditation

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dual processing

info is simultaneously processed on conscious and unconscious tracks

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selective attention

focusing of conscious awareness on a particular stim

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45

inattentional blindness

failing to see visible objects when our attention is directed elsewhere

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change blindness

failing to notice changes in the environment

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sleep

period of natural loss of consciousness

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48

circadian rhythm

physical, mental, and behavioral changes that follow a 24 hour cycle

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49

sleep hygiene

practices and habits that promote sleep

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50

sleep disorders

apnea, narcolepsy, insomnia

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sleep apnea

paused in breathing during sleep that last at least 10 seconds

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narcolepsy

extreme daytime sleepiness with frequent episodes of falling asleep

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insomnia

persistent difficylty with falling asleep

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54

development

the physiological, behavioral, cognitive, and social changes that occur throughout the human lifespan, guided by nature and nurture

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55

types of development

physical, social-emotional, cognitive

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56

zygote

fertilized egg

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embryo

2 weeks after fert

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fetus

9 weeks after fert

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teratogens

agents that can reach the baby and cause harm

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60

newborn behaviors

rooting reflex, sucking reflex, crying when hungry

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motor development

changes in the cerebellum that enable the sequence

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62

pruning

stage in brain development by which unused networks shut down

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63

critical period

the optimal period in the development for exposure to certain stim that promote functioning

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64

piaget’s stages of cognitive development

sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational

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sensorimotor

0-2; senses; object permanence

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pre operational

2-7; internal rep of the world; theory of mind, language understanding

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concrete operational

7-11; increased logical thinking; conservation

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formal operational

11-death; systematic thinking understanding of abstract concepts and scientific reasoning; abstract logic

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69

schema

mental container that holds experiences

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70

assimilation

use already developed schemas to understand new info

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71

accomodation

learning new info, changing the schema

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72

object permanence

ability to know that an object exists even when it is out of sight

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egocentrism

unable to see and understand other peoples viewpoints

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theory of mind

peoples ideas about their own and other mental states

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75

conservation

understanding that changes in form of an object do not necessarily mean changes in the quality of an object

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76

social developemt

secure attachment, avoidant attachment, ambivalent attachment, disorganized attachment

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attachment

emotional blinds we develop with others, usually primary caregiver

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secure attachment

secure, explorative; believe needs will be met

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avoidant attachemnt

emotionally distant; needs probably wont be met

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80

ambivalent attachment

anxious; cannot rely on needs being met

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81

disorganized attachment

depressed; confused, no strategy to meet needs

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82

parenting styles

authoritative, authoritarian, permissive, rejecting-neglecting

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authoritative

supportive and demanding

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84

authoritarian

unsupportive and demanding

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permissive

supportive and undemanding

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86

rejecting-neglecting

unsupportive and undemanding

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87

adolescence

transition period between childhood and adulthood

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88

kohlberg’s level of moral thinking

preconventional morality, conventional morality, postconventional morality

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89

preconventional morality

self interest; obey rules to avoid punishment

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conventional morality

uphold laws and rules to gain approval or maintain social order

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post conventional morality

actions reflect self defined ethical principles

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92

gender related cognition

2 yrs-aware of physical differnces beteen boys and girls

3 yrs-label themselves boy or girl

4 yrs-most kids have a sense of gender identity

6 yrs-know gender stereotypes exist

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93

William masters and Virginia Johnson

first to do research on gender and sex

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94

sensation

process by which our sensory receptors and nervous system receive and represent stims

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95

perception

organization and interpretation of sensory info

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96

bottom up processing

starts at sensory receptors and works up to a higher level of processing

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97

top down processing

constructs perceptions from sensory input. by drawing on experience and expectation

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98

prosopagnosia

face blindness

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99

transduction

conversion of one form of energy into another (receive-transform-deliver)

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100

absolute threshold

min energy needed to detect a stim 50% of the time

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