Exam 2 - Ch.7 Mood Disorders and Suicide

Mood Disorders

severe alterations in mood, intense and persistent enough to be maladaptive behavior and lead to serious problems

Euphoria (Mania)

intense and unrealistic feelings of excitement and euphoria

Dysphoria (Depression)

feelings of extraordinary sadness and dejection

Mixed Episode

characterized by symptoms of mania and hypomania, with depressive features

Depressive Disorder

Involves a period of symptoms where individual experiences extreme, sad mood (aka. dysphoria)

Major Depressive Disorder

A disorder in which an individual experiences intense but time-limited episodes of depressive symptoms

Major Depressive Episode

period in which individual experiences intense psychological and physical symptoms accompanying feeling of overwhelming sadness

Recurrent Major Depressive Disorder

if two or more episodes occur in an interval of at least two consecutive months

Affected Persons of MDD

Must experience dysphoria for most of the day, nearly everyday for at least 2 consecutive weeks —> can last from 6 to 9 months

Symptoms of MDD

• sleep and appetite disturbances

• low energy/fatigue

• low self-esteem

• difficulty concentrating/making decisions

• poor hygiene

• feelings of hopelessness

Persisten Depressive Disorder

Dysthymia: chronic but less severe mood disturbance, individual does not experience major depressive episode but blue mood

• minimum of 2 years, 1 year for children

• average duration 4 to 5 years, can last up to 20 years

Difference between MDD and PDD

• PDD more mild to moderate, lasts longer

• periods of normal moods can occur for up to a few days to few weeks, with a maximum of 2 months

Seasonal Affective Disorder

mood disorder with depressive episodes that typically occur in the fall and winter but subsides during the spring

• occurs normally in women and those living in nothern latitudes

Unspecified Mood Disorder

applies to symptoms characteristic of depressive disorder, but does not meet the criteria for a depressive or bipolar disorder diagnosis

Disruptive Mood Dysregulation Disorder

depressive disorder in children who exhibit chronic and severe irritability and frequent temper outbursts

• occurs on average 3 or more times per week, over at least 1 year and in at least 2 different settings

• diagnosis for children between ages of 6 to 18, onset must be before age 10

Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder (PMDD)

disorder that involves depressive mood or changes in mood, irritability, dysphoria, and anxiety in the premenstrual phase and subsides when the menstrual period begins

Biological Causes of Depressive Disorders

genetic influences and neurotransmitter activity and how they interact with other hormonal and neurophysiological patterns

Psychological Causes of Depressive Disorders

Neuroticism; other factors, such as stressful life events, chronic stress, early adversity and learned helplessness

Learned Helplessness Model of Depression

when a percieved lack of control is present, helplessness can result in depression

Result: people make attributions that are central to whether they become depressed

Dimensions:

1. Internal/External

2. Global/Specific

3. Stable/Unstable

Bipolar disorder

mood disorder involving euphoric episodes, intense and very disruptive experiences of heightened mood, possibly alternating with a major depressive episode

• equal in men and women

Bipolar 1

involves at least one manic or mixed episode lasting a week or more

• onset in adolesence and early adulthood

Bipolar 2

involves at least one major depressive episode or one hypomanic episode

• on average 5 years later

Hypomanic Episode

milder, less severe form of mania lasting at least 4 days with similar symptoms

Rapid Cycling

experience at least 4 episodes in one year

Cyclothymic Disorder

chronic but less severe version of bipolar disorder, presents as extreme moodiness

• Depressed Phase: similar to symptoms of PPD

• Hypomanic Phase: increase in energy and creativity

Symptoms of Cyclothymic Disorder

lasts for at least 2 years, 1 year for children/adolescents

Bipolar Disorder is more likely to occur…

in people who have problems with substance abuse

With both Bipolar Disorder and substance abuse…

• earlier onset

• more frequent episodes

• greater chance for anxiety and stress related disorders

• aggressive behavior

• problems with the law

• risk of suicide

Biological Cause factors for Bipolar

genetic factors

Neurochemical Factors for bipolar

excesses of norepinephrine during manic episodes, less serotonin in both depressive and manic phases

Abnormalities of hormonal regulatory systems for bipolar

some evidence of abnormalities of thyroid function and are frequently accompanied by changes in mood

psychological factors for bipolar

stressful life events as in depressive disorders

Depressive Disorder due to Medical Condition

mood disorder caused by a physical health issue, leading to ongoing depression or loss of interest, symptoms aren’t better explained with another mental disorder and cause significant distress or problems in daily functioning

common health conditions that can induce depression

1. Huntingtons

2. Parkinsons

3. alzheimers

4. MS

Substance Induced Mood Disorder

symptoms of depression that are due to the effects of medicine, drug abuse, alcoholism, exposure to toxins or other treatment

• caused by the taking or stopping a drug

suicide

fatal self inflicted destructive act with explicit or inferred intent to die

Suicidal Continuum (least to most severe)

1. Suicidal Ideation

2. developing a plan

3. suicide attempt/non fatal suicide behavior

4. suicide: actually ending ones life

Self-harm without presence of suicidality

individual engages in self-harm without suicidal intent

Resilience

having this trait makes you less likely to commit suicide

• you believe you can overcome adversity which can lead to good coping skills

Pharmacotherapy Suicide treatments

Anti-depressants, SSRIs/SNRIs, Mood-stabilizers, depending on the disorders present and causes of suicidality

3 Biological Treatments for Suicidal treatments

1. ECT

2. TMS

3. DBS

4 types of Psychotherapy suicide

1. CBT

2. Behavior activation treatment — focuses on getting patients more active and engaged with interpersonal relationships and environment

3. Interpersonal therapy — focuses on current relationship issues and understanding and change of maladaptive interaction patterns

4. family and marital therapy