Looks like no one added any tags here yet for you.
ATP
adenosine triphosphate: cellular “energy currency”, driving energy requiring processes such as membrane transport, protein synthesis, growth, and movement
glycolysis
6-carbon glucose molecule (C6H12O6) is split into two 3-carbon pyruvate molecules through a series of reactions that occur in the cytosol
processes in aerobic respiration
pyruvate oxidation, Krebs cycle, and the electron transport chain
fermentation
chemical energy that is harvested without using O2 or any electron transport chain; includes glycolysis and the reactions that regenerate NAD+ is reused to oxidize sugar via glycolysis, netting 2 ATP via substrate level phosphorylation
positive control for fermentation lab
1 teaspoon glucose
negative control for fermentation lab
no substrate
test substrate for fermentation lab
1 teaspoon assigned substrate
fermentation rate
final corrected height - initial corrected height / total time of fermentation (mm/min)
alcohol fermentation
glucose —> pyruvate —> 2 ethanol
gas being measured in fermentation lab
CO2
dependent variable of fermentation lab
amount of CO2 released
independent variable of fermentation lab
time
standardized variable of fermentation lab
amount of water and control/substrate added to each bag
test substrates for fermentation lab
corn starch, sucrose, maltose, fructose, stevia, and splenda
photosynthesis
the process by which plants use light energy to make carbohydrate from CO2
location of photosynthesis
chloroplast
dependent variable in photosynthesis lab
CO2 and O2 (y-axis)
independent variable in photosynthesis lab
time (x-axis)
standardized variable in photosynthesis lab
spinach leaves
calculating Rf
Rf = distance pigment traveled / distance solvent traveled
cell division
interphase and division phase (M phase)
prophase
chromatin condenses forming chromosomes
Chromosomes consist of 2 chromatids joined at centromere
Nuclear membrane disappears; nucleolus disappears
Centrioles move to opposite poles
Mitotic spindle forms
metaphase
Chromosomes align at equator
anaphase
Chromatids separate at centromere and are pulled to opposite pole by spindle fibers
telophase
Chromosome movement stops
Chromosomes uncoil forming chromatin
Nuclear membrane reforms
Nucleolus reappears
Spindle fibers disappear
cytokinesis
Animal cells: formation of cleavage furrow by microfilaments
Plant cells: formation of cell plate
normal cells
sensitive to the cell culture conditions and demand specialized treatments and media
only divide a few times before being arrested
divide until they are in contact with neighboring cells - monolayer
cancer cells
loss of normal cell structures
changes in shape
changes in nucleus
typically lose contact inhibition, causing them to pile up and form tumors
large number of dividing cells
loss of monolayers
decreased cell-cell junctions
disorganized arrangement of cells
M phase
cell division —> spindle fiber checkpoint
G1 checkpoint
Gap 1, growth —> cell size, nutrients, DNA damage
G0 checkpoint
Gap 0, extended resting phase (interphase)
S phase checkpoint
DNA synthesis —> DNA damage & replication
G2 checkpoint
Gap 2, growth —> metabolic activity, growth, preparation to divide
proto-oncogene
a group of genes which code for proteins that regulate cell growth and division
oncogene
the conversion of a proto-oncogene; more active and repeatedly signals for the cell to divide
tumor suppressor
inhibits cell growth and prevent tumor formation
biomarker
based test detects early cancer activity based on the presence of levels of specific proteins that serve as early indicators of cancer progression or recurrence
blood type A
antigen A, serum antibodies anti-B
blood type B
antigen B, serum antibodies anti-A
blood type AB
both A and B antigens, serum antibodies neither
blood type O
neither A or B antigens, both anti-A and anti-B antibodies
sexual reproduction
the offspring inherits genetic information from both parents; brings genetic variation in the offspring and are different genetically from both their parents and their siblings
prophase I
chromosomes will condense and thicken
Homologous chromosomes synapse
Tetrads are formed - all four chromatids will align
Crossing over occurs
metaphase I
The tetrads are aligned on the equatorial plane of the cell; independent assortment
anaphase I
homologous pairs are separated; segregation
telophase I
The nuclear envelope and nucleoli reform
Spindle fibers will disappear
Cytoplasm will divide by cytokinesis
prophase II
Chromosomes will shorten and thicken
Centrioles will move to opposite sides of the cell
Nuclear membrane and the nucleoli will disappear
Spindle fibers will form
metaphase II
Chromatid pairs will line up along the equatorial plane
Spindle fibers will be attached at the centromeres
anaphase II
Centromere joining the pairs of sister chromatids will split
Individual chromatids will be pulled to the opposite poles by the spindle fibers
telophase II
The spindle fibers will break down
Nuclear membrane and nucleoli will reform
The chromosomes will uncoil
diploid
cells containing pairs of homologous chromosomes
haploid
only one member of each pair
zygote
male gamete and female gamete fertilized
gamete
haploid cells; sperm and egg
homologous chromosome
paired chromosomes that have the same gene sequence
chromatid
one of the two identical halves of a chromosome that has been replicated in preparation for cell division
replication
the process by which the genome’s DNA is copied in cells
synapsis
homologous chromosomes pairing
crossing over
a section of one chromatid breaks and is exchanged with the exact same section on a non-sister chromatid
tetrad
a group of four closely associated chromatids of a homologous pair formed by synapsis
independent assortment
the alleles of two different genes get sorted into gametes independently of one another
segregation
the separation of homologous chromosomes
centromere
holds together the two chromatids
cytokinesis
cytoplasm divides into two daughter cells
gene
the basic physical and functional unit of heredity
allele
one of two or more version of DNA sequence at a given genomic location
genotype
the genetic makeup of an organism
phenotype
an individual’s observable traits
homozygous
having inherited the same versions of a genomic marker from each biological parent
heterozygous
different alleles for a particular trait
dominant
when an allele of a gene overrides the other allele
recessive
the “masked” allele
P generation
parental generation; the original pair of parents at the start of genetic cross experiment
F1 generation
the first generation of offspring produced by a set of parents
F2 generation
the results of a cross between two F1 individuals
test cross
a genetic cross between a homozygous recessive individuals and a corresponding suspected heterozygote to determine the genotype of the latter