Unit 6 Ap bio

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38 Terms

1

Anticodon

A nucleotide triplet at one end of a tRNA molecule that base-pairs with a particular complementary codon on an mRNA molecule

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2

Antiparallel

Referring to the arrangement of the sugar-phosphate backbones in a DNA double helix

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3

Chromatin

The complex of DNA and proteins that makes up eukaryotic chromosomes.

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4

Codon

A three-nucleotide sequence of DNA or mRNA that specifies particular amino acid or

termination signal; the basic unit of the genetic code

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5

Deletion

A mutational loss of one or more nucleotide pairs from a gene

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6

DNA LIGASE

linking enzyme essential for DNA replication

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7

DNA Polymerase

An enzyme that catalyzes the elongation of new DNA by the addition of nucleotides to the 3’ end of an existing chain

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8

DNA Replication

The process by which a DNA molecule is copied; also called DNA synthesis

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9

DNA Sequencing

Determining the order of nucleotide bases in a gene or DNA fragment

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10

Gel Electrophoresis

A technique for separating nucleic acids or proteins on the basis of their size and electrical charge

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11

Genetic engineering

The direct manipulation of genes for practical purposes.

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12

Helicase

An enzyme that untwists the double helix of DNA at replication forks, separating the

two strands and making them available as template strands

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13

Insertion

A mutation involving the addition of one or more nucleotide pairs to a gene

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14

Lagging strand

A discontinuously synthesized DNA strand that elongates by means of Okazaki fragments, each synthesized in a 5’→ 3’ direction away from the replication fork

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15

Leading strand

The new complementary DNA strand synthesized continuously along the template

strand toward the replication fork in the mandatory 5’→ 3’ direction

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16

mRNA

A type of RNA, synthesized using a DNA template, that attaches to ribosomes in the

cytoplasm and specifies the primary structure of a protein

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17

Missense Mutation

A nucleotide-pair substitution that results in a codon that codes for a different amino acid

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18

Mutation

A change in the nucleotide sequence of an organism’s DNA or in the DNA or RNA of a virus

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19

Nonsense Mutation

A mutation that changes and amino acid codon to one of the three stop codons, resulting in a shorter and usually nonfunctional protein

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20

Okazaki Fragment

A short segment of DNA synthesized away from the replication fork on a template strand during DNA replication. Many such segments are joined together to make up the lagging strand of newly synthesized DNA

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21

Operon

A unit of genetic function found in bacteria and phages, consisting of a promoter, an operator, and a coordinately regulated cluster of genes whose products function in a common pathway

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22

Origin of replication

Site where replication of DNA molecule begins

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23

PCR

A technique for amplifying DNA in vitro by incubating it with specific primers, a

heat-resistant DNA polymerase, and nucleotides

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24

Point Mutation

A change in a single nucleotide pair of genes

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25

Primase

An enzyme that joins RNA nucleotides to make a primer during DNA replication, using the parental DNA strand as a template

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26

Primer

A short stretch of RNA with a free 3’ end, bound by complementary base pairing to the template strand and elongated with DNA nucleotides during DNA replication

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27

Promotor

A Y-shaped region on a replicating DNA molecule where the parental strands are being unwound and new strands are being synthesized

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28

Restriction Enzymes

An type of enzyme that recognizes and cuts DNA molecules foreign to a bacterium. The enzyme cuts at a specific nucleotide sequences

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29

Ribosome

A complex of rRNA and protein molecules that functions as a site of protein synthesis in the cytoplasm; consists of a large subunit and a small subunit

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30

RNA Polymerase

An enzyme that links ribonucleotides into a growing RNA chain during transcription based on complementary binding to nucleotides on a DNA template

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31

RNA Processing

Modification of RNA primary transcripts, including splicing out introns, joining together or exons, and alteration of the 5’ and 3’ ends

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32

Silent Mutation

A nucleotide-pair substitution that has no observable effect on the phenotype; for example, within a gene, a mutation that results in a codon that codes for the same amino acid

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33

Single stranded binding proteins

A protein that binds to the unpaired DNA strands during DNA replication, stabilizing them and holding them apart while they serve as templates for the synthesis of complementary strands of DNA

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34

Terminator

In bacteria, a sequence of nucleotides in DNA that marks the end of a gen and signals

RNA polymerase to release the newly made RNA molecule and detach from the DNA

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35

Topoisomerase

A protein that breaks, swivels, and rejoins DNA strands. During DNA replication,

topoisomerase helps to relieve strain in the double helix ahead of the replication fork

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36

Transcription

The synthesis of RNA using a DNA template

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37

tRNA

An RNA molecule that functions as a translator between nucleic acid and protein languages by carrying specific amino acids to the ribosome, where they recognize the appropriate codons in the mRNA

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38

Translation

The synthesis of a polypeptide using the genetic information encoded in an mRNA molecule. There is a change of “language” from nucleotides to amino acids

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