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Anticodon
A nucleotide triplet at one end of a tRNA molecule that base-pairs with a particular complementary codon on an mRNA molecule
Antiparallel
Referring to the arrangement of the sugar-phosphate backbones in a DNA double helix
Chromatin
The complex of DNA and proteins that makes up eukaryotic chromosomes.
Codon
A three-nucleotide sequence of DNA or mRNA that specifies particular amino acid or
termination signal; the basic unit of the genetic code
Deletion
A mutational loss of one or more nucleotide pairs from a gene
DNA LIGASE
linking enzyme essential for DNA replication
DNA Polymerase
An enzyme that catalyzes the elongation of new DNA by the addition of nucleotides to the 3’ end of an existing chain
DNA Replication
The process by which a DNA molecule is copied; also called DNA synthesis
DNA Sequencing
Determining the order of nucleotide bases in a gene or DNA fragment
Gel Electrophoresis
A technique for separating nucleic acids or proteins on the basis of their size and electrical charge
Genetic engineering
The direct manipulation of genes for practical purposes.
Helicase
An enzyme that untwists the double helix of DNA at replication forks, separating the
two strands and making them available as template strands
Insertion
A mutation involving the addition of one or more nucleotide pairs to a gene
Lagging strand
A discontinuously synthesized DNA strand that elongates by means of Okazaki fragments, each synthesized in a 5’→ 3’ direction away from the replication fork
Leading strand
The new complementary DNA strand synthesized continuously along the template
strand toward the replication fork in the mandatory 5’→ 3’ direction
mRNA
A type of RNA, synthesized using a DNA template, that attaches to ribosomes in the
cytoplasm and specifies the primary structure of a protein
Missense Mutation
A nucleotide-pair substitution that results in a codon that codes for a different amino acid
Mutation
A change in the nucleotide sequence of an organism’s DNA or in the DNA or RNA of a virus
Nonsense Mutation
A mutation that changes and amino acid codon to one of the three stop codons, resulting in a shorter and usually nonfunctional protein
Okazaki Fragment
A short segment of DNA synthesized away from the replication fork on a template strand during DNA replication. Many such segments are joined together to make up the lagging strand of newly synthesized DNA
Operon
A unit of genetic function found in bacteria and phages, consisting of a promoter, an operator, and a coordinately regulated cluster of genes whose products function in a common pathway
Origin of replication
Site where replication of DNA molecule begins
PCR
A technique for amplifying DNA in vitro by incubating it with specific primers, a
heat-resistant DNA polymerase, and nucleotides
Point Mutation
A change in a single nucleotide pair of genes
Primase
An enzyme that joins RNA nucleotides to make a primer during DNA replication, using the parental DNA strand as a template
Primer
A short stretch of RNA with a free 3’ end, bound by complementary base pairing to the template strand and elongated with DNA nucleotides during DNA replication
Promotor
A Y-shaped region on a replicating DNA molecule where the parental strands are being unwound and new strands are being synthesized
Restriction Enzymes
An type of enzyme that recognizes and cuts DNA molecules foreign to a bacterium. The enzyme cuts at a specific nucleotide sequences
Ribosome
A complex of rRNA and protein molecules that functions as a site of protein synthesis in the cytoplasm; consists of a large subunit and a small subunit
RNA Polymerase
An enzyme that links ribonucleotides into a growing RNA chain during transcription based on complementary binding to nucleotides on a DNA template
RNA Processing
Modification of RNA primary transcripts, including splicing out introns, joining together or exons, and alteration of the 5’ and 3’ ends
Silent Mutation
A nucleotide-pair substitution that has no observable effect on the phenotype; for example, within a gene, a mutation that results in a codon that codes for the same amino acid
Single stranded binding proteins
A protein that binds to the unpaired DNA strands during DNA replication, stabilizing them and holding them apart while they serve as templates for the synthesis of complementary strands of DNA
Terminator
In bacteria, a sequence of nucleotides in DNA that marks the end of a gen and signals
RNA polymerase to release the newly made RNA molecule and detach from the DNA
Topoisomerase
A protein that breaks, swivels, and rejoins DNA strands. During DNA replication,
topoisomerase helps to relieve strain in the double helix ahead of the replication fork
Transcription
The synthesis of RNA using a DNA template
tRNA
An RNA molecule that functions as a translator between nucleic acid and protein languages by carrying specific amino acids to the ribosome, where they recognize the appropriate codons in the mRNA
Translation
The synthesis of a polypeptide using the genetic information encoded in an mRNA molecule. There is a change of “language” from nucleotides to amino acids