Introduction to Materials Science and Engineering

Stone Age

Bronze Age

Iron Age

Modern & Advanced Materials

Four Historical Periods for Materials Science and Engineering

Stone Age (~ 2.6 million years ago - 3300 B.C.)

Bronze Age (~ 3300 B.C. - 1200 B.C.)

Iron Age (~ 1200 B.C - 600 B.C.)

Modern & Advanced Materials (early 20th Century - Present)

When did each of the periods

began and end?

Stone Age

~ 2.6 million years ago - 3300 B.C.

Bronze Age

~ 3300 B.C. - 1200 B.C.

Iron Age

~ 1200 B.C - 600 B.C.

Modern & Advanced Materials

Early 20th century to present

Advanced Alloys

Advanced Polymers

Biopolymers

Porous Materials

Particulate Systems

Advanced Fibres

Composites

Metamaterials

Types of Advanced Materials

Stone, Bone, Wood, Clay

Materials invented and/or discovered during Stone Age

Bronze, Copper, Gold, Silver

Materials invented and/or discovered during Bronze Age

Iron, Steel

Materials invented and/or discovered during Iron Age

Composites, Aluminum, Nanomaterials, Plastics

Materials invented and/or discovered during Modern Age

Materials Science

Investigates relationships

that exist between the

structures and properties

of materials.

Materials Science

Develop or synthesize new

materials

Materials Engineering

Design the structure of a

material to produce a

predetermined set of

properties.

Materials Engineering

Create new products or

systems using existing

materials.

Materials Engineering

Develop techniques for

processing materials.

Materials Tetrahedron

describes the interplay of the four elements, structure, properties, process, and performance

Performance, Processing, Properties, Structure

Four elements of materials tetrahedron

Subatomic level

Electronic structure of

individual atoms that defines

interaction among atoms

(interatomic bonding)

Atomic Level

Arrangement of atoms in

materials (for the same atoms

can have different properties,

e.g. two forms of carbon:

graphite and diamond)

Microscopic Structure

Arrangement of small grains of

material that can be identified

by microscope.

Macroscopic Structure

Structural elements that may be viewed with the naked eye.

Physical

Properties that can be

observed or measured

without changing the

composition of the

material.

Density

Thermal

Electrical

Dimensional

Optical (Refractive index, Absorption, Transmission, Reflection, Scattering, Color)

Magnetism

Permeability

Porosity

Examples of Physical properties

Properties that involve a

reaction to an applied

load.

Mechanical

Hardness

Toughness

Elasticity

Plasticity

Ductility

Malleability

Brittleness

Tensile strength

Compressive strength

Shear strength

Fatigue strength

Impact resistance

Creep

Stiffness

1Resilience

Examples of Mechanical Properties

Properties that are discovered by observing

chemical reactions.

Chemical

Reactivity with acids

Reactivity with bases

Oxidation state

Corrosion resistance

Flammability

Toxicity

pH level

Heat of combustion

Electronegativity

Chemical stability

Radioactivity

Ability to tarnish

Enthalpy of formation

Solubility

Decomposition

Examples of Chemical Properties

Properties of a material that is related to its ability to conduct heat.

Thermal

Thermal conductivity

Specific heat capacity

Thermal expansion

Melting point

Boiling point

Thermal diffusivity

Heat of fusion

Heat of vaporization

Thermal emissivity

Glass transition temperature

Thermal shock resistance

Examples of Thermal properties

Properties of a material that is related to its ability to conduct electricity.

Electrical

Electrical conductivity

Electrical resistivity

Dielectric constant

Dielectric strength

Permittivity

Electrical permeability

Power factor

Insulation resistance

Hall effect

Superconductivity

Examples of Electrical Properties

Processing

this is where property trade-offs happen

Materials Science

Its focus is on understanding the fundamental properties, structure, and behavior of materials.

Materials Engineering

Its focus is on applying scientific knowledge to design, process, and improve materials for real-world applications.

metals, ceramics, polymers, composites

Classification of Materials Based on Types

Examples of Metal and Alloys

Steel

Bronze

Brass

Aluminum

Nichrome

Titanium

Berrylim-copper

Nickel

Copper-Nickel

Niobium

natural polymers

polymers that are made by living organisms

synthetic polymers

polymers that are made by chemical reactions in a lab

DNA

rubber

cellulose

wool

examples of natural polymers

nylon

polyester

teflon

epoxy

examples of synthetic polymers

Aerospace

Biomedical

Electronic Materials

Energy Technology and Environmental

Magnetic Materials

Optical Materials

Smart Materials

Structural

Eight Classification of Materials Based on Functions