AP Bio Unit Two

Cell wall description

Found in plants, fungi, and bacteria. Outer layer, rigid and strong, made of cellulose.

Cell wall function

Support (grow tall)
Protection
Allows h2o O2 and CO2 to diffuse in and out of cell.

Cell membrane description

Found in all cells. Plant (inside cell wall) animal (outer layer) selective permeable.

Cell membrane function

Support, protection, controls movement of materials in/ out of cell.
Barrier between cell and it's environment

Nucleus description

Found in all cells. Large oval, may contain 1 or more nucleoli, holds genetic material.

Nucleus function

Controls cell activities, contains the hereditary material of the cell.

Nuclear membrane/envelope description

Found in all cells. Surrounds nucleus, double membrane, selectively.

Nuclear membrane/envelope function

Controls movement of materials in/ out of nucleus.

Cytoplasm description

Found in all cells. Clear thick jelly like material, organelles found inside the cell membrane.

Cytoplasm function

Support and protects cell organelles

Smooth Endoplasmic reticulum description

Found in cytoplasm in both animal and plant cells, is a network of membranes inside a cell that moves proteins

Rough Endoplasmic reticulum description

Adjacent to the nucleus in both animals and plants, it is covered in ribosomes which makes it rough textured

Smooth Endoplasmic reticulum function

Carries materials through the cell and It synthesizes lipids, phospholipids as in plasma membranes, and steroids

Rough Endoplasmic reticulum Function

aids in producing proteins (in ribosomes)

Ribosome description

Found in all cells. Small bodies either floating free or attached to ER. Made of protein and RNA

Ribosome function

Makes proteins

Mitochondrion description

Found in all cells. Peanut shaped, double membrane, outer membrane smooth, inner membrane rough and folded into cristae.

Mitochondrion function

Breaks down molecules to release energy, site of cellular respiration

Vacuole description

Plant cells have a single large vacuole, animal cells have small vacuoles, and are fluid-filled sacs—the largest organelle in plant cells

Vacuole function

Stores food, water, and toxic wastes, stores large amounts of food or sugars in plants.

Lysosome description

more commonly found in animals than plants, small and round with a single membrane

Lysosome function

Breaks down larger food molecules into smaller molecules, and digests old cell parts

Chloroplast description

Plants and algae. Green oval, containing chlorophyll. Double membrane w/ inner membrane modified into sacs called thylakoids. Gel like innermost.

Chloroplast function

Photosynthesis. Releases oxygen.

Nucleolus description

All cells except prokaryotes, found inside the nucleus.

Nucleolus function

Stores materials to be later used to make ribosomes.

Golgi apparatus description

a stack of flat sacs in the cytoplasm of both animal and plant cells

Golgi apparatus function

Modifies, organizes and transports proteins from ER

Cilia description

Animal cells. Have a 9-2 arrangement of microtubules.

Cilia function

Makes it able to move.

Flagellum description

Bacteria, have a 9-2 arrangement of microtubules.

Flagellum function

Makes it able to move.

Centrioles description

Animal cells, paired structures near the nucleus. Made of a cylinder of Microtubule pairs.

Centrioles function

Separate chromosome pairs during mitosis.

Cytoskeleton description

All cells. Made of microtubules.

Cytoskeleton function

Strengthen cell an maintain shape. Organelles within the cell.

Nuclear pores description

Protein-lined channels found in the Nuclear membrane/envelope in both animal and plant cells

Nuclear pores Function

allows small molecules to pass in and out of nucleus

Chromatin Description

Found in nucleus, formed when DNA coils in both animal and plant cells

Chromatin Function

forms chromosomes of the cell which contain DNA sequences for cell makeup

Vesicles description

found in cytoplasm in both animal and plant cells, a small sac formed by a membrane and filled with liquid and molecules

Vesicles function

moves substances in and out of cell

Cisternae description

a flattened membrane found in the Golgi

Cisternae function

packages and modifies protein

Centrosome description

found in animal cells, made from 2 centrioles

Centrosome function

regulates cell motility, adhesion and polarity in interphase, and facilitates the organization of the spindle poles during mitosis

Matrix description/function

The cytoplasm in plant and animal cells that hold together the organelles, and aids in communication

Chloroplast

located along the edge of the cytoplasm in plant cells, it is round and converts light to energy

Chlorophyll

Located in the cytoplasm in plant cells, absorbs light and gives the plant its green color (photosynthesis)

Thylakoid

Located in chlorophyll in plant cells, absorbs the light that is used to make energy

Granum

stacked thylakoids in plant cells that aid in photosynthesis

Stroma

Matrix in chloroplast in plant cells, gives structures to chloroplasts

cytoskeleton

located in the cytoplasm of both plant and animal cells, gives structures to organelles