O chem 2 reagents

H2 and metal

reducing agent

lindlars catalyst

cis alkenes from alkynes

Na/NH3

trans alkenes from alkynes

H2/metal with ketone or aldehyde

makes alcohols

mCPBA

makes epoxides

peroxyacid

makes epoxides and carboxylic acid

epidoxidation and then OH-

anti addition diols

KMnO4 + OsO4

syn addition diols

O3 with alkenes

makes aldehydes and ketones

O3 with alkyne

carbocyclic acid and CO2

PCC with alcohol

aldehyde

alcohol + K2Cr2O7

carboxylic acid

tertiary alcohol oxidation reaction

NO reaction

Alkyne + 2HX

dihalide

Alkyne + 2 X2

tetrahalide

alkyne + H2O, H2SO4, HgSO4

ketones

alkyne + R2BH [2]H2O2, OH-

ketones or aldehydes; with terminal alkynes you get the aldehyde

alkyne + BH3, H2O2, -OH

ketones

NaNH2 + CH3CCH

acetylide ions, you can then add all sorts of other stuff to it with SN2 reaction

X2 + H2O or NBS + DMSO

halohydrin, an alcohol group with X group, only trans and OH goes to more substituted

[1]BH3, THF [2]H2O2, NaOH, H2O

is used to convert alkynes to aldehydes or ketones via hydroboration-oxidation.

Diels Alders

forms 6 membered rings, break 3 pi bonds and forms 2 sigma bonds and 1 pi; cis dienophile= cis product a cycloaddition reaction between a conjugated diene and a dienophile, yielding a cyclohexene derivative.

Aromaticity Rule

4n= antiaromatic

4n+2= aromatic

low temperature, kinetic products

1,2 addition

high temperature. thermodynaic products

1,4 addition products

ketone group with Cl + AlCl3

is a Friedel-Crafts acylation reaction, forming an aryl ketone.

RX + AlCl3

is a Friedel-Crafts alkylation reaction, resulting in the alkylation of an aromatic compound.

acylium ion

is a cation formed by the loss of a leaving group from an acyl compound, playing a key role in electrophilic aromatic substitutions.

Cl2+FeCl3 + benzene

adds Cl to the ring

HNO3 + H2SO4 +benzene ring

adds NO2 to benzene ring

SO3 +H2SO4+ benzene ring

adds SO3H to benzene ring

halides affect on benzene rings

weakly deactivating, O,P directing

O groups, CN, and HSO3

moderately deactivating, m directing

CF3, CCl3, NO2, NR groups

strongly deactivating, m directing

NH2, NR, OH, O groups

strongly activating, o, p directing

NHCOR, OR

moderately activating, o, p directing

R and Ph

weakly activating, o, p directing

KMnO4 with benzene ring

fully oxidizes alkyl group giving carboxylic acid

Sn, HCl plus nitrobenzene

reduces nitro group to amine (NH2)

NaOCH3 + benzene ring

adds OCH3 group

diol plus H + cyclohexane with aldehyde and ketone

protects aldehyde