P 14- Cooperation 1962 - 68

Attitudes of NK + Jfk after cuban missile crisis

had pressure on them which affect CMC approach

-NK - want to improve soviet economy + living standard, had pressure from Mao. Had to show soviet dominance, despite wanting peaceful coexistence

-JFK - inclined to coalition but had to show anti-communist stance

would both rather discuss

1963 JFK uni speech

called for a new vision of peace during the Cold War. He urged Americans to see the Soviets as fellow human beings, warned of the shared dangers of nuclear war, and rejected peace through domination. Kennedy announced a halt to U.S. atmospheric nuclear tests if others did the same and pushed for a test ban treaty.

-steps toward lasting peace.

US view towards nuclear arms

Johnson presented JFK saying neither them or USSR would emerge from nuclear warfare, estimated over 93m combined casualties

avoid nuclear war, so should work to prevent the spread of nuclear weapons + their usage

-costly to create nuclear arms, so had large impact + allow focus on domestic affairs

-only US,USSR,UK,FR were nuclear powers

JFK assassination  - NOV 22 1963

occurred in NOV 1963, but talks to stop nuclear threat continued

NK attitudes

saw the CMC as a win, so now willing to negotiate with the US

also 1961 Sino soviet split effect the speed of conciliation

agreed with steps to limit nuclear weapons

-also didn’t see view continue as was ousted in OCT 1964, but negotiations continued 

Washington - Moscow Hotline

June 1963 - creation of direct communication with leaders to be used in emergency situations. 

faster than previous means + aimed to avoid CMC issues 

symbolised COOPERATION

-neither used it however until 1967

Moscow test ban treaty 1963 AUG

ban of nuclear weapons tests in atmosphere, outer space, under water

also known as LIMITED TEST BAN TREATY or PARTIAL TEST BAN TREATY

-proposed by soviets, agreed by both, showing first steps to ease tensions + sign of trust

-didn’t however ban underground testing

signed by ISA, USSR, UK but FR and CH refused

MAD

MAD stands for Mutually Assured Destruction.

military doctrine based if U.S. and the Soviet Union both had enough nuclear weapons to completely destroy each other, neither side would dare launch an attack.

A nuclear strikes trigger an equally devastating retaliation by the other, guaranteeing total destruction for both.

The logic was that the certainty of catastrophic retaliation would deter either side from ever starting a nuclear war. - kept the peace through fear

Nuclear Non-proliferation treaty

July 1968

JFK administration continued to create ICBMs and Submarine launch ballistics for defence

-Us overestimated Soviet strength, showing lack of trust

Soviets - developed tech to intercept nuclear missiles - Anti ballistic missiles

-NPT finalised by July 1968 - agreeing BR, US, USSR:

• Not to transfer nuclear weapons (or help other states build them).

• Not to assist, encourage, or induce any non-nuclear-weapon state to acquire them.

• To pursue negotiations in good faith toward nuclear disarmament (Article VI).

• To share peaceful nuclear technology under safeguards, so other countries could use nuclear energy safely without turning it into weapons.

McNamara

1967 - persuaded Lyndon b Johnson (LBJ) to delay creatin ABM system , and negotiate with USSR ABMs.

-USSR initially reluctant, but US developed Multiple independently targetable re-rentry vehicle (MIRVs) negotiations occurred

MIRVs - split off warheads landing in different areas

Richard Nixon + Brezhnev

elected + had policy to improve US international position

involvements in (SALT) Strategic arms limitation talks, Prague spring, Vietnamisation + China engagement

Leonid Brezhnev - successor of NK, focusing on internal affairs