Chapter 24: Lymphatic System

The lymphatic system includes lymphatic _____, _____, and _____ that, as a whole, are responsible for _____ and _____ helping the body _____.

Organs; nodes; vessels; transporting lymph; fight infection

At the _____ end of a capillary bed, _____ forces fluids from the blood into the _____ around cells, where it becomes known as _____.

Arterial; blood pressure; interstitial space; interstitial fluid

Most interstitial fluid is reabsorbed at the _____ end of a capillary bed, but excess fluid can remain in the interstitial fluid. _____ are responsible for reabsorbing excess fluid and returning it to the _____ circulation to help maintain _____.

Venous; lymphatic vessels; venous; blood volume

_____ refers to a condition in which fluid accumulates in the interstitial space, resulting in swelling.

Edema

Cells of the lymphatic system help generate an _____ and increase _____ population when necessary. Lymphatic cells help monitor the blood and interstitial fluid for _____, many of which are foreign or abnormal to the body. Some cells produce _____ that bind to the foreign or abnormal agent, damaging it or allowing it to be identified by other elements of the immune system.

Immune response; lymphocyte; antigens; antibodies

Excess interstitial fluid is returned to the blood through a network of _____. _____ refers to a liquid combination of interstitial fluids, solutes, immune cells, and potentially foreign material.

Lymphatic vessels; lymph

Lymphatic capillaries are the _____ lymphatic vessels. They are interspersed between most _____ and _____. _____ refer to special types of lymphatic vessels found in the small intestine. They pick up interstitial fluid, dietary lipids, and lipid-soluble vitamins, causing their lymph to be known as _____. 

Smallest; blood capillaries; dural venous sinuses; lacteals; chyle

Lymphatic capillaries merge into larger _____. Because this network is a _____ pressure system, _____ prevent lymph from pooling in vessels and creating backflow. _____ vessels carry lymph to a lymph node, while _____ vessels carry lymph away from a lymph node.

Lymphatic vessels; low; valves; afferent; efferent

Lymphatic vessels merge into right and left _____, which are responsible for draining lymph from a specific body _____.

Lymphatic trunks; region

Lymphatic trunks drain into one of two _____, which empty lymph back into the _____ circulation. The _____ receives lymph from the upper right side of the body, while the _____ receives lymph from the left and lower right side of the body. The _____ refers to a structure that receives _____ from the small intestine.

Lymphatic ducts; venous; right lymphatic duct; thoracic duct; cisterna chyli; chyle

Lymphoid cells work together to _____. An APC (_____) refers to a cell that _____, which include _____ and _____. _____ refer to _____ that have migrated from the blood into the lymphatic system, allowing for _____. _____ cells are responsible for _____. _____ are the most abundant cells of the lymphatic system.

Elicit an immune response; antigen-presenting cells; presents an antigen to a lymphocyte; macrophages; dendritic cells; macrophages; monocytes; phagocytosis of foreign materials; dendritic; internalizing antigens; lymphocytes

The two main types of lymphocytes are _____ and _____. Lymphocytes are produced in the _____, which then gain _____ in different organs.

T-cells; B-cells; red bone marrow; immunocompetence

T-cells are the _____ abundant type of lymphocyte. Cytotoxic T-cells/CD8+ cells are a specific type of T-cell responsible for _____. Each type of cytotoxic T-cell responds to _____ type(s) of antigen(s).

Most; coming into direct contact with infected or tumor cells to kill them; one

B-cells are the _____ abundant type of lymphocyte. Antigen _____ respond to _____ type(s) of antigen(s), leading to the production of _____ that respond to that antigen. Most activated B-cells become _____ cells, cells that produce and secrete large amounts of antibodies.

Least; receptors; one; antibodies; plasma

Lymphopoiesis refers to the process of _____. When a lymphocyte fully matures, it becomes _____, meaning it is fully able to participate in the immune response.

Lymphocyte development and maturation; immunocompetent

Lymphoid nodules refer to _____, with centers known as _____.

Clusters of lymphoid cells; germinal centers

In some regions of the body, lymphoid nodules may group together to form larger structures, including _____ (MALT) or _____.

Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue; tonsils

Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) is found in the _____, _____, _____, and _____ tracts. As food, air, and urine enter their respective tracts, lymphoid cells in the MALT detect _____ and initiate the _____. MALT in the ileum is known as a _____.

Respiratory; gastrointestinal; genital; urinary; antigens; immune response; Peyer’s patch

Tonsils consists of multiple _____ and _____ that trap foreign material, allowing for identification by _____.

Germinal centers; crypts; lymphocytes

Lymphoid organs refer to lymphoid cells with _____. These include the _____, _____, and _____.

Connective tissue; lymph nodes; thymus; spleen

The thymus is responsible for the immunocompetence _____. The thymus is largest in _____, after which it _____.

T-cells; childhood; atrophies

The lymph nodes receive lymph along _____ from selected body regions. Each lymph node is surrounded by a capsule of _____, which projects _____ into the lymph node, allowing for compartmentalization, blood vessels, and nerves. The _____ refers to the outer region of the lymph node, while the _____ refers to the inner region of the lymph node.

Lymphatic vessels; connective tissue; trabeculae; cortex; medulla

The primary function of the lymph nodes is to filter _____ from the lymph and initiate the _____ when necessary. _____ transport lymph to the lymph nodes, where _____ can remove foreign debris. _____ exit the lymph node from the _____, and if _____ are presented to _____, the _____ begins.

Antigens; immune response; afferent lymphatic vessels; macrophages; efferent lymphatic vessels; hilum; antigens; lymphocytes; immune response

Cancerous cells can easily travel through the lymphatic system, leading to _____ into the lymph nodes.

Metastasis

The spleen is the _____ lymphoid organ in the body. The _____ represents the arterial supply of the spleen, where lymphoid cells can monitor the blood for _____ and _____, leading to an _____. The _____ represents the venous supply of the spleen, and acts as a reservoir for _____ and _____. _____ refers to the process of _____ phagocytizing old and defective erythrocytes and platelets.

Largest; white pulp; antigens; foreign material; immune response; red pulp; erythrocytes; platelets; hemolysis; macrophages

The lymph nodes are responsible for filtering _____, while the spleen is responsible for filtering _____.

Lymph; blood