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Shift of power
Monarchs centralized power
Monarchs strengthened the ties with people of towns for support
Beginning of England
The Anglo-Saxons conquered Britain, becoming England
King Edward
Died without an heir, counsel of nobles chose Harold (brother in law) to rule
William of Normandy
Raised an army and had pope support to attack Harold
Became William the Conquerer and ruled England, required all vassals to swear direct allegiance to him
Henry II
Created a jury system, sent out traveling justices
Magna Carta
Nobles were tired of exaggerated taxes from Nobles and forced King John to sign
No taxation without reason, king must obey laws
Parliament
House of Commons
House of Lords - checks and balances of the king
Hugh Capet
Started first dynasty in France, increased royal power
Phillip Augustus
Most powerful ruler in Europe, provided loyal middle class citizens with government positions
Royal Power vs Church
Rulers wanted to tax clergy but popes refused, both wanted ultimate power over the other
Holy Roman Empire
Modern Germany, Europe was breaking into feudal kingdoms, emperors were chosen by popes
Henry IV vs Gregory VII
Henry IV was emperor of Germany, Pope Gregory banned lay investiture (only he could anoint bishops) to be the independent ruler
Henry IV disagreed and the feud started brewing, leading to Gregory excommunicating Henry and his towns. Gregory faced revolts and was forced to make an agreement.
Pope Innocent III
Church reached highest power, aided by Philip II in claim to supremacy over all rulers, battled South France
The Crusades
Major battles between Christians, Jews, and Muslims over the holy land of Jerusalem. Pope Urban II called the crusade
Christians joined to fight for faith (free ticket to Heaven), turned out unsuccessful as the Muslims claimed the majority of holy land
Market Economy
Trade increased, people invested in land (resources), labor (manufacturing), shipbuilding and voyages
Social Changes
Cities and towns began to rise, a middle class was established, free from serfdom and manor work
Short Term Effects of Crusades
Population growth, end of feudalism, centralized monarchies, growth of Italian trading centers
Long term Effects of the Crusades
Renaissance, age of exploration, scientific revolution, Western European colonies
The Reconquista
The Spanish crusade to remove Muslims from the once Muslim dominated Spain, leading to the persecution of Muslims and Jews
Universities
Universities emerged as education grew (the church and government called for educated people)
University life was rough (early mornings, long days, small meals, difficult classes)
Women were not allowed to learn at universities, some learned at convents
Black Death
Started in china, spread through fleas on rats that infested trading ships. 1/3 of Europeans died. Nobody knew how to cure or prevent the disease. Many would flee their towns and leave family members behind who were infected.
Some blamed Jews, leading to mass persecution
Economic Decline
Prices rose as resources limited, farm and industrial production declined as labor decreased. Peasants revolted.
The Church Splits
Pope Clement V moved the Church court to southern France. The people of Italy felt unheard, so they elected their own pope. For years, 2 or even 3 popes would have power at the same time, leading to another Great Schism in the church.
The Hundred Years War
England and France were both struggling from the Black Death, and were determined to gain the land they felt they deserved. England was easily winning until France gained confidence with the help of Joan of Arc (killed by England, igniting French pride) neither side gained, French won by pushing England out
Results of Hundred Years War
Longbow (England) and cannons (France) led to the end of armored knights. Monarchs began to hire more and more soldiers to fight for them. Trade in Italy began to decline.
