PERIOD 7 Heimler

What is the definition of imperialism?

The expansion of a country's political, economic, and military influence over another.

What significant purchase is known as Seward's Folly and why was it important?

The U.S. purchase of Alaska in 1867 from Russia for $7.2 million, which was seen as a strategic expansion that became more desirable when gold was discovered.

What motivations did imperialists have for expansion?

Access to raw materials and new markets, justified by Social Darwinism and fear of being seen as a second-class nation.

Who argued that Anglo-Saxons had a Christian duty to civilize other lands?

Reverend Josiah Strong.

What was the significance of Alfred Thayer Mahan's views on naval power?

He argued a strong navy was essential for securing foreign markets.

What were the arguments against imperialism?

Self-determination for nations, isolationism, and concerns about racial inclusion in citizenship.

What role did yellow journalism play in the Spanish-American War?

Journalists exaggerated Spanish atrocities to gain public support for U.S. intervention in Cuba.

What event led to the U.S. declaring war on Spain in 1898?

The explosion of the U.S.S. Maine in Havana Harbor.

What was the Platt Amendment?

It allowed U.S. intervention in Cuba if American economic interests were threatened after Cuba gained independence.

Describe the Open Door Policy in relation to China.

Proposed by Secretary of State John Hay to ensure open trading privileges in China to counter European economic control.

What social reforms characterized the Progressive Era?

Reforms aimed at addressing corruption, labor rights, women's suffrage, and expanding government roles in regulating the economy.

What did muckrakers typically expose?

Corruption and social injustices through investigative journalism.

What amendments expanded democracy during the Progressive Era?

The 17th Amendment (direct election of senators), 18th Amendment (Prohibition), and 19th Amendment (women's right to vote).

What was the impact of the Espionage Act and Sedition Act during WWI?

They restricted civil liberties by penalizing opposition to the war and the draft.

What was the significance of the Treaty of Versailles?

It officially ended WWI, but imposed harsh penalties on Germany, leading to future conflicts.

Why did the U.S. Congress refuse to ratify the Treaty of Versailles?

Due to concerns over joining the League of Nations and entanglements in international affairs.

What did the Great Migration entail?

The movement of Southern black populations to Northern urban centers for work and better living conditions.

How did Henry Ford revolutionize manufacturing?

By mass-producing the Model T and implementing an assembly line to significantly increase efficiency.

What was the impact of the automobile culture on American society?

It led to increased individual mobility, suburbanization, and urban transformation.

What role did advertising play in the Consumer Goods Revolution?

It employed psychological techniques to influence consumer behavior and shifted the economy towards mass-produced goods.

What was the cultural significance of radio and cinema in the 1920s?

They transformed communication and entertainment and helped spread a national culture while showcasing regional differences.

What was the Harlem Renaissance?

A cultural and intellectual explosion that celebrated black culture through literature, art, and music.

What were the Jim Crow Laws?

Laws enacted in the Southern states that enforced racial segregation.

What is isolationism?

A policy of remaining apart from the affairs or interests of other groups, especially the political affairs of foreign countries.

What is capitalism?

An economic and political system in which a country's trade and industry are controlled by private owners for profit, rather than by the state.

What is communism?

A political theory advocating class war and leading to a society in which all property is publicly owned and each person works and is paid according to their abilities and needs.

What is a dictatorship?

A form of government in which one person or a small group holds absolute power without constitutional limitations.

What is fascism?

A political ideology or movement that exalts nation and often race above the individual and that stands for a centralized autocratic government headed by a dictatorial leader, severe economic and social regimentation, and forcible suppression of opposition.

Jazz music is a genre of music that originated in the African-American communities of New Orleans, Louisiana, in the late 19th and early 2

Black Tuesday

October 29th, 1929, when the stock market crashed, marking the beginning of the Great Depression.

Hawley-Smoot Tariff

Signed into law in 1930 by President Herbert Hoover, it crippled the ability of the United States to sell its excess products (agricultural and otherwise) on a global market by imposing high tariffs (taxes on imports).

Buying on margin (speculation)

Risky investment behavior where people borrowed money to buy stocks, assuming prices would continue to rise. This inflated the stock market artificially.

Hoovervilles

Shantytowns named after President Hoover, criticizing his laissez-faire economic policies at the beginning of the Great Depression.

Franklin D. Roosevelt

Democrat who won the 1932 presidential election and campaigned on heavy government intervention to alleviate American suffering during the Great Depression. He expanded the size and scope of the federal government more than any president before him.

Limited welfare state

Government takes responsibility for the social and economic welfare of its citizens.

New Deal

Roosevelt's program to address the three R's: relief for the unemployed, recovery for businesses, and reform of economic institutions.

Public Works Administration (PWA)

Works program that employed Americans to do federal infrastructure work like building roads, dams, and bridges.

Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA)

Hired people to run electric power plants and control flooding and erosion.

Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC)

Employed young men between 18-24 to manage soil conservation and forestry projects.

National Industrial Recovery Act (NIRA) of 1933

Sought to resolve economic hardship by establishing codes agreed upon by labor and corporate representatives to create security for workers (minimum wage, shorter hours) and regulate prices.

Glass-Steagall Act of 1933

Increased regulation in banks, limited how banks could invest people’s money, and created the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) to guarantee people’s bank deposits.

Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC)

Established to regulate the stock market and prevent practices like buying on margin and insider trading.

Social Security Act of 1935

Provided a safety net of income for workers over 65, where part of a worker’s wages were withheld and paid back upon retirement.

Judicial Reorganization Bill (Court Packing Scheme)

Proposed by Roosevelt to appoint new Supreme Court Justices for every justice over 70.

Warren G. Harding

President elected in 1920 who campaigned on a “return to normalcy,” signaling a desire for the U.S. to focus on domestic issues after World War I.

Fordney-McCumber Act (1922)

Increased tariffs (taxes on imported goods), making foreign products more expensive and encouraging the purchase of domestically made goods, but decreasing international trade.

Smoot-Hawley Tariff (1930)

Further raised tariffs, exacerbating the decrease in international trade as part of the U.S.'s isolationist policies.

Kellogg-Briand Pact

A pact signed among 63 nations, including the U.S., that attempted to outlaw war. It was negotiated outside the League of Nations and was unenforceable, making it largely ineffective.

Nye Committee

A Senate committee that presented evidence suggesting American corporations had profited significantly from the U.S.'s involvement in World War I, fueling isolationist sentiments.

Cash and Carry Program

A program where the U.S. allowed belligerents to purchase armaments if they paid in cash and transported them in their own ships, effectively aiding Britain due to their control of the seas.

A deal

Warren G. Harding

President elected in 1920 who campaigned on a “return to normalcy,” signaling a desire for the U.S. to focus on domestic issues after World War I.

Fordney-McCumber Act (1922)

Increased tariffs (taxes on imported goods), making foreign products more expensive and encouraging the purchase of domestically made goods, but decreasing international trade.

Smoot-Hawley Tariff (1930)

Further raised tariffs, exacerbating the decrease in international trade as part of the U.S.'s isolationist policies.

Kellogg-Briand Pact

A pact signed among 63 nations, including the U.S., that attempted to outlaw war. It was negotiated outside the League of Nations and was unenforceable, making it largely ineffective.

Nye Committee

A Senate committee that presented evidence suggesting American corporations had profited significantly from the U.S.'s involvement in World War I, fueling isolationist sentiments.

Cash and Carry Program

A program where the U.S. allowed belligerents to purchase armaments if they paid in cash and transported them in their own ships, effectively aiding Britain due to their control of the seas.