Unit 5 (AP WH)

Enlightenment

The shifts when people began to emphasize reason over tradition and individualism over community values

Nationalism

A feeling of intense loyalty to other others who share one’s language and culture. The idea that people who share a culture should also live in an independent nation.

Empiricism

The belief that knowledge comes from sensed experience from what you observe through your experiences, including through experiments. Rather than relying on reasoning about principles provided by tradition or religion.

Thomas Hobbes

argued that people’s natural state was to live in a bleak world in which life was “nasty, brutish, and short.” however, by agreeing to a social contract, they gave up some rights to a strong central government and returned for law and order.

John Locke

argued that the social contract implied the right, even the responsibility of citizens to revolt against unjust government. throughout that people had natural rights to life, liberty, and pursuit of property.

Social Contract

an implicit agreement among individuals and their government, where citizens surrender certain rights in exchange for protection social order

Philosophes

A new group of thinkers and writers who explored social political and economic theories in new ways

Baron Montesquieu

made the famous work The Spirit of Laws (1748) which praises the British government use of checks on power. Does influencing the American systems which adapted his ideas by separating its executive branch, legislative branch and federal judiciary

Voltaire

used his writings and his social satire Candide (1762) to champion religious tolerance, freedom of speech, secular government and justice against that arbitrary power and fanaticism of the old regime

Jean-Jacques Rousseau

he expanded on the idea of social contract and works like Emile, or On Education and The Social Contract (1762), which introduced the concept of the general will and inspired many late 18th century revolutionaries

Adam smith

advocated for free trade and laissez-faire economics, believing the “invisible hand” of the market would guide self interested choices to benefit society, thus laying the foundation for capitalism

Laissez-Faire

A French phrase for “leave alone”. This approach meant the governments should reduce their interaction and economic decisions.

Capitalism

an economic system in which the means of production, such as factories and natural resources are privately owned and operated for profit

Socialism

an economic and political theory that refers to a system of public or direct worker ownership of the means of production.

Conservatism

A belief and traditional institutions favoring reliance on practical experience over idea, ideological theories, such as that of human, perfectability

Fabian Society

A socialist group. The Fabians were gradual socialist. They favored reforming society by parliamentary means.

Suffrage

The right to vote in political elections

Mary Wollstonecraft

She published, A Vindications of the Rights of Women. in it, she argued that female should receive the same education as males.

abolitionism

reform movements to provide rights and equality extended to the freeing of slaves in the end of serfdom

zionism

The desire of juice to reestablish an independent homeland where their ancestors had lived in the Middle East

Declaration of the rights of man

A foundational document of the French revolution, adopted in 1789, that proclaimed the universal natural and inalienable rights of all citizens, such as liberty, equality, and fraternity

Reign of Terror

A period of the French revolution, (September 1793 to July July 1794) characterized by extreme political repression and mass executions of those deemed enemies of the revolution

Toussaint L’Ouverture

A formerly enslaved leader who rose to become the general of the Haitian revolution in the first governor of an independent Haiti

Simon Bolivar

A Venezuela, military and political leader who played a key role in the South American war of independence from the Spanish role in the early 19th century. He led liberation efforts in Venezuela, Colombia

Otto von Bismarck

oppression states man who unified Germany under depression leadership between 1862 and 1871 through a series of wars and diplomacy, becoming the first chancellor of the new German empire. Used realpolitik (the creation of complex alliances to make peace)

Propaganda movement in the Philippines

A late 19th century Filipino, intellectual and cultural movement, primarily based in Europe that aimed to reform Spanish colonial rule in the Philippines

Māori Nationalism

A movement of self-determination in the protection of the cultural identity, rights, and interest of the Māori people of New Zealand

The New Zealand Wars

A series of mid 19th century conflict between the British colonial government and Allied Māori tribes primarily over land disputes and sovereignty

Puerto Rico

and the writings of

Lola Rodriguez de Tio

A recognized poet during an era of little educational opportunity for women. She became famous for her eloquent critiques of Spain’s exploited of Puerto Rico

German and Italian Unifications

The 19th century processes of creating modern nation states from a collection of small. Driven by nationalism these movements used a combination of warfare, political maneuvering, and diplomacy to overcome, regional divisions, and foreign influence. Key figures include Otto von bismarck for Germany and Giuseppe Caribaldi, and Camillo di Cavour for Italy

Balkan Nationalisms

A 19th and early 20th century movement for ethnic groups in the Falcons to achieve self-determination and independence from the Ottoman and Austro-Hungarian

Ottomanisms

A 19th century, political and cultural ideology in the Ottoman empire that sought to unite its diverse, ethnic and religious groups under a shared ottoman identity promoting loyalty to the state above other affiliations

Industrial Revolution

A period of rapid increased mechanization of production and accompanying social changes beginning in Great Britain around the mid 18th century

Factory System

A method of manufacturing using machinery in a division of labor in a central location, replacing the cottage industry

Agricultural revolution

A period of increased agricultural productivity in the early 1700s due to innovations like crop rotation and and the seed drill

Cottage Industry

A system of production where work (often textile production) is done in peoples homes for a merchant; doomed by the factory system

Interchangeable parts

A manufacturing system where all components of a product are made to identical specifications, allowing broken parts to be easily replaced

Eli Whitney

American inventor, who popularized the concept of interchangeable parts and invented the cotton gin (1793)

Assembly Line

A manufacturing process where a product moves along a line while workers specializing in one task add parts sequentially; greatly expanded by Henry Ford

Capital

wealth invested in or contributed to a business or enterprise with the goal of generating profit

Enclosure Movement

illegal process in Great Britain of fencing off common lands for private ownership, pushing landless farmers to move to urban areas

Trans-Siberian Railroad

A massive railway network connecting European Russia (Moscow) with the Pacific Coast; built in the late 19th and early 20th. Cent

James Watt

Scottish inventor and engineer who is significantly improved the steam engine, making it a viable power source for factories and transportation

Second Industrial Revolution

A phase of rapid industrialization in the late 19th and early 20th century characterized by advances and steel, electricity, and oil

Alexander Graham Bell

Inventor credited with patterning the first practical telephone in 1876

Gugliemo Marconi

Italian adventure and engineer who developed the first practical use of radio waves often credited as the inventor of the radio

Transcontinental Railrosd

A continuous network of railroad tracks that crosses a continental land mass in the US (1869)

Muhammad Ali

ottoman Albanian Governor, who is considered the founder of modern Egypt

Commodore Matthew Perry

United States Navy Commodore who played a pivotal role in opening Japan to the west

Menu Restoration

A political and social revolution in Japan that led to rapid industrialization and modernization

Corporations

legal entities that are separate from their owners and have the ability to raise capital and operate a business

Sadler Report

A report published in 1832 that detailed the poor working conditions of child factory workers in the United Kingdom

Labor Unions

organize associations of workers formed to protect and further, their rights and interest at jobs

John Stuart Mill

An influential 19th century, British philosopher, economist and political theorist who wrote On Liberty . he developed the harm principle which states that society can only interfere with and individual’s actions to prevent them from harming others

Utilitarianism

an ethical theory proposing that the best action is the one that maximize his overall happiness or utility for the greatest number of people

Karl Marx

philosopher who created communism theory

Preoletariat

The working class people who sell their labor

Bourgeoisie

The wealthy owning class of society

Mahmud II

ottoman Sultan who began modernization efforts

Tanzimat Reforms

mid 19 century Ottoman, modernization initiatives

Self-Strengthening Movement

Chinese efforts to adopt western technology

Hundred days of reform

A failed swift Chinese modernization plan

Boxer Rebellion

violent Chinese uprising against foreigners and Christians

Russo-Japanese war

conflict between Russia and Japan over Manchuria