Chapter 4: Politiques, War and Mercantilism

Valois Dynasty

Valois Dynasty

(Catholic) the ruling family in France; fought the Habsburgs (of Spain) for control of the Italian Peninsula

Catherine de Medici (France)

Wife of Henry II and mother to his 3 children. Controlled her children in the French monarchy. Puppet Master!

Edict of Fountainbleu

Huguenots had no religious and political rights during the Valois Dynasty

Huguenots

French Protestants influenced by John Calvin

Henry of Navarre

Political leader of the Huguenots and a member of the Bourbon dynasty, succeeded to the throne as Henry IV. He realized that as a Protestant he would never be accepted by Catholic France, so he converted to Catholicism. "Paris is Worth A Mass". When he became king in 1594, the fighting in France finally came to an end.

St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre

Mass slaying of Huguenots (Calvinists) in Paris, on Saint Bartholomew's Day, 1572.

Edict of Nantes (1598)

Henry IV that granted Huguenots the rights of public worship and religious toleration in France.

Politiques

Rulers who put political and state's necessities above personal religious beliefs. For example, both Henry IV of France and Elizabeth I of England subordinated theological controversies in order to achieve political unity.

Phillip II

Phillip II of Spain didn't believe in religious toleration. Built the Spanish Armada, the most powerful fleet in Europe. Subordinated the Spanish Netherlands. Supported Mary Queen of Scotland's plot to Kill Elizabeth. He planned an invasion of England. He wanted to keep England in the Catholic fold. The destruction of the Spanish Armada of 1588 did not mean the end of the war, but it did prevent him from forcibly unifying all of Western Europe.

Spanish Armada (1588)

Spanish fleet defeated in the English Channel in 1588. The defeat of the Armada marked the beginning of the decline of the Spanish Empire.

Bullionism

Nation's policy of accumulating as much precious metal as possible while preventing its outward flow to other countries

Mercantilism

- An economic policy under which the mother countries sought to increase their wealth and power by obtaining large amounts of gold and silver (bullionism) and by selling more goods than they bought (favorable balance of trade.)
- Colonies were used as sources of raw materials and markets for finished goods.

Council of Blood/Troubles

Created by the Duke of Alba, Spanish governor of the Netherlands, in 1567. The job of this Council was to try cases of suspected treason committed by Protestant rebels against the Catholic government imposed by Spain.

Duke of Alba (Alva)

Sent over by Phillip II during the Dutch Rebellion in 1567, his job was to resolve the conflict. He used brutal force and an army of over 10,000 troops to execute the Dutch through his Council of Blood. His efforts only further unified the Dutch against Phillip II.

Spanish Netherlands

The southern part of the Low Countries that stayed loyal to Spain. During this chapter, The Spanish Netherlands are still ruled by Spain, but will be invaded by France, and eventually given to the Austrians by the Treaty of Utrecht (1713). Its capital was Brussels ( Belgium)

William of Orange (the Silent)

Leader of the Dutch Revolt against Philip's Spain. Went from Catholic, to Lutheran, before becoming a Calvinist. United both Catholics and Protestants against Catholic Philip.

Escoral

The new palace Philip II built as not only a fortress, but also a Catholic Church for people to worship in.

Henry VIII

(1491-1547) King of England from 1509 to 1547; his desire to annul his marriage led to a conflict with the pope, England's break with the Roman Catholic Church, and its embrace of Protestantism. Henry established the Church of England in 1532.

Act of Supremacy (1534)

Henry VIII called on the people to take an oath to recognize the annulment/divorce and accept Henry, NOT the Pope, as the official head of the English Church. (Parliament's role was instrumental)

Anglican Church

The Church of England

Bloody Mary (Tudor)

Daughter of King Henry VIII, she tried to bring England back to the Catholic Church and had many Protestants executed.

Elizabeth I

English Queen and politique who united Protestants and Catholics through compromise

39 Articles of Religion

Issued in 1563 by the Church of England; incorporated elements of Catholic ritual along with Calvinist Doctrines

Mary Queen of Scots

Catholic cousin to Protestant Queen Elizabeth I of England. She allegedly plotted with Spain's Philip II to overthrow Elizabeth and reassert Catholicism in England. Elizabeth had her beheaded.

James I of England

The son of Mary Stuart, Queen of Scots, he succeeded the childless Elizabeth as James I of England. He was not popular and was an outsider. He inherited a large royal debt and a divided church.

Sea Dogs and Francis Drake

Leagal pirates commissioned to raid Spanish colonies and treasure ships. Drake was knighted by Elizabeth I.

Peace of Augsburg (1555)

Document in which Charles V recognized Lutheranism as a legal religion in the Holy Roman Empire. The faith of the prince determined the religion of his subjects.

Holy Roman Empire

Loose federation of mostly German states and principalities, headed by an emperor elected by the princes. It lasted from 962 to 1806.

Defenestration of Prague (1618)

Event that marked the beginning of the Thirty Years' War in Bohemia. The Catholic Holy Roman Emperor King Ferdinand II closed some Protestant churches, resulting in Protestants throwing catholic officials out of a castle window. Their survival led Catholics to believe God saved them for a purpose, while Protestants believed they were only saved by the uneven castle walls and manure on the bottom.

Bohemian Phase

The first phase of the Thirty Years' War which culminated in the Catholic victory at the Battle of White Mountain.

Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden

Joins Thirty Years' War in 1629, king of Sweden, Protestant leader, stands up for fellow Protestants, military genius, wins a lot for Protestant team; supported by Richelieu, who wants to end Hapsburg power; used movable cannons in battle field; killed in 1632 at battle of Luetzen

Treaty of Westphalia (1648)

Ended the Thirty Years War.
1.) Netherlands gained independence from Spain
2.) Religious toleration
4.) France got Alsace
5.)Sweden becomes a world power