EXAM 3 FINAL STUDY - MINERALS

70% of iron is found in the form ____?

• Hemoglobin

When is iron excreted and absorbed?

• Only when body becomes deficient in this mineral

• Once absorbed it is held very tightly by the body and excretion is very low

What is the chief storage site of iron?

• The liver w/ lesser amounts present in the spleen and bone marrow

What is the main excretion route of iron?

• Via urine

Where are small amounts of iron excreted?

• In the feces along w/ the bile pigments of hemoglobin metabolism

What are the different factors that influence iron absorption?

• Acid condition

• Adequate dietary protein

• Body’s need for iron

• Low phytic acid level in diet

What are the two most important chelates in iron absorption?

• Histidine & Lysine

What are the different functions of iron?

Cellular respiration-

• The utilization of O2 w/ the resultant formation of Co2 & H2O. The blood carried O from the lungs to the cells by virtue of Hemoglobin binding O2.

Is apart of:

A) Cytochrome C- In electron transport system

B) Peroxidase

C) Catalases

What happens when there’s a deficiency of iron?

• Anemia

How are RBC formed?

• By a process known as hemopoiesis

• The RBC are continuously being replaced

What is the lifespan of Red Blood Cells?

• 127 days

When does anemia take place?

• When RBC aren’t renewed as rapidly as they are destroyed

What are the different causes of anemia?

• Pathological

• Hemorrhage (Acute & Chronic) Blood loss

• Hereditary

• Nutritional

What is Normocytic Normochromic anemia?

• Hemorrhage anemia

• RBC can be of normal size and concentration

• Hemoglobin may exit

What is Hypochromic Microcytic anemia?

• Iron deficiency anemia

• Available supply of iron is deficient relative to needs

What are the different functions of copper?

• Hemoglobin synthesis

• Enzyme activity (about 10-12 enzymes are known to be influenced by copper)

• Required for the normal disulfide linkage in wool

• Necessary for normal bone formation

• Necessary for development of the myelin sheath protecting the nerves

What are the different signs of copper deficiency?

• Wasting disease

• Enzootic ataxia / sway back disease

• Falling disease of cattle

• Nutritional anemia

• Graying of black hair and wool

• Excessive Mo may interfere w/ cu++ metabolism and precipitate a cu++ deficiency

What are the different functions of cobalt?

• Its primary functions is a constituent of the vitamin B12 molecule

• Serve as a enzyme cofactor. I.E arginase

What are the different cobalt deficiencies?

• General malnutrition (Listless, loss of appetite and weight, weak anemic)

• Anemia

• Degeneration of fat of liver

• Deposits of hemosiderin in the spleen- breakdown products of hemoglobin

How much of the body’s content is in the thyroid gland?

• 60%

What is the thyroid glands primary function?

• To produce the hormone thyroxine

What is thyroxine responsible for?

• Regulating the metabolic rate of the body

How much iodine does thyroxine contain?

• 65%

How can thyroxine be synthesized in the body?

• By providing the diet that contains Tyrosine or phenylamine

What happens if you remove the thyroid at a young age?

• It stunts their development

In adult animals what does thyroidectomy result in?

• Premature aging

• Mental and physical sluggishness

What does Thyro Proteins do?

• Stimulates body processes such as milk and egg production

What are the different functions of manganese?

• Sexual maturation

• Enzyme cofactor

• Component of arginase

• Essential for normal reproduction

• Normal bone formation

• Normal muscle formation

What the the different Zinc deficiencies?

• Dermatitis- Parakeratosis in swine

• Keratosis in chicks

• In dairy calves- Swollen, rough, and scaly skin. Also alopecia and retarded growth

What are the different selenium deficiencies?

• Increase mortality of newborn lambs and calves

• White muscle disease in lambs and calves

• Exudative diathesis in chicks

• Liver necrosis in rats

What is molybdenum?

• It is known for its toxic effects to grazing animals of certain areas of the world

• A possible nutritional role in the growth of lambs via possible stimulatory effects on rumen microbes

• Necessary in the nitrate reductase system to concert nitrates into nitrites for plants

• Tearness

What are the different fluorine toxicities?

• Bone lose color, luster becomes thickened and softened

• Bone breaking strength decreases

• Bony outgrowth occur from surface

• Total ash content of bone decreases

• Teeth become soft, worn down in certain areas and sensitive to cold

• Increased dental problems leads to decreased food consumption

___% Ca and ___% P in bones and teeth = major structural component

• 99% and 80%

What does calcium form?

• Hydroxyapatite crystals (extremely hard & difficult to solubilize)

What is the ration of Ca:P in bone?

• 2:1

Where does 1% of the Ca occur in?

• Soft tissues

• Blood serum

• Muscle

• Tissues

What are the different functions of calcium?

• Maintaining total body health for normal growth & development

• Keeps your bones & teeth strong

• Ensures proper function of muscles & nerves

• Keeps the heart beating

• Helps blood clotting and regulating blood pressure

• Metabolisms of iron

• Regulates hormones

• Absorbs Vit B12

What happens when there’s a deficiency in calcium?

• Reduced growth especially in bone

• Hyper irritability & tetany

• Poor reproductive performance

• Rickets

• Osteomalacia

• Osteopenia

• Osteoporosis

How does calcium cause rickets?

• When growing bones don’t calcify properly bones tend to bend under weight of animal

What is osteomalacia?

• Occurs in adult bone; involves softening of the bone due to a decrease in mineral content

What is Osteopenia?

• Is the presence of less than normal amount of bone. If not treated, may result in osteoporosis.

What is osteoporosis?

• Occurs when the composition of the bond is normal, but the mass is so reduced that the skeleton loses its strength and becomes unable to perform its supporting role in the body

What are factors that facilitate the absorption of calcium include?

• Vitamin D & Vitamin K

• Sufficient hydrochloric acid in the stomach

• Small amounts of fat

• Exercise

• Magnesium hormones, including the parathyroid and estrogen hormones

How is phosphorus distributed?

• 80% of P is in bone and this is associated w/ Ca++

• Whole blood ~35-45 mg P/100ml - most of which is in RBC

• Inorganic P in plasma is about 4-9 mg/100ml

• Kidneys also play an important role in the maintenance of P balance

How much of phosphorus is present in bone?

• 80%

Where is the remaining 20% phosphorus present in?

• Most organic reactions as an enzyme or coenzyme constituent such as:

• Necessary for Phosphorylations in Che metabolism

• Energy transfers- NAD, NADP

• Constituents of ATP

• Constituents nucleoproteins, Phosphoproteins, DNA, RNA, Phospholipids in cell membrane

What are the different phosphorus deficiencies?

• Decreased growth

• Decreased bone growth

• Nervousness, loss of appetite, trembling

How does rickets play a role in phosphorus deficiency?

• Problem due to variation in dietary ratio of Ca++ and P when P is low

• It is further complicated by PTH which tends to cause an increase excretion of P in urine

How does PICA play a role in phosphorus deficiency

Hypomagnesemia

• A disorder that is characterized with eating non feed materials.

• Occurs in grazing animals which increases fragile bones, lameness, and low fertility

What is the percentage of magnesium in the skeleton?

• 70%

Where is the remainder 30% of magnesium distributed?

• In body fluids and tissues

About ___ of skeletal Mg++ can be mobilized blood incase of reduced dietary supply

• 1/3

How is magnesium distributed in the blood?

• 2-3 mg/ 100ml

What are the different functions of magnesium?

1. Bone formation

2. Enzyme activator

3. Helps prevents nerve irritability

What are the different magnesium deficiencies?

• Low blood mg++

• Vasodilatation

• Hyperirritability

• Convulsions & death

• Grass tetany

• Nervousness, loss of appetite, trembling

What is grass tetany?

• Hypomagnesemia

• Common occurrence in cows & ewes turned on lush pasture in spring