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Describe the structure of a neuron
What are 3 indigenous ways of experimental learning
What is the definition of pathology
Study of disease, it's cause/effects, and process of planning a course of treatment
What is etiology?
cause of disease
What is pathogenesis?
how a disease develops (mechanisms of action)
What is a biochemical change?
What is a morphological change?
What is a functional change?
What is a natural history?
What is treatment?
Management/ care of patient
What are complications?
What are 4 Indigenous ways to transmit knowledge to future generations.
What are 2 important Indigenous values?
What are the 7 grand father values?
What are the 4 sections of the medicine wheel and describe what they mean?
Spiritual: cultural safety, strenght and resiliences
Physical: Capacities, mobility, comorbidity, awarnes and prevention
Mental: Housing, family, community and ceremony
Emotional: Casuality, access to equipment and services
What is an ally?
A person who:
role of nucleus
role of mitochondria
Role of cytoplasm:
Liquid in the cell
Role of cytoskeleton
Role of endoplasmic reticulum
Role of Golgi Apparatus
Role of lysosomes
-Digest waste (proteins lipids, nucleic acids to their base aka recycling)
-destroy viruses/ bacteria
Role of endosomes
-store
-sort
-organize
Role of peroxisomes
makes hydrogen peroxide in reaction to reactive oxygen species in body
How are cells specialized
By gene expression
What is a genetic muation
What are the 5 steps of the cell cycle?
G0= phase where cells enter when they are not dividing
G1= cells are actively growing, they must pass checkpoint before they start division to ensure proper completion of the phase before the next
S= the entire genome is replicated
G2= last changes for cells to grow before they are divided
M= cell division/mitosis
What are the 5 steps of mitosis?
What is a stem cell?
a cell that can differentiate and become any type of human cell
What is a progenitor cell?
a stem cell that becomes partially specialized through asymmetric division
What is stem cell differentiation
A progenitor cell divides to replace a damaged or lost cell
Causes of uncontrolled cell division
Causes of cell death.
apoptosis and necrosis
What is cancer?
What is a neoplasm?
Abnormal tissue forming when cells grow and divide
What is a tumor?
Can benign tumour invade or spread?
No
Can malignant tumour invade or spread?
Yes
Can the size of a benign tumour impact the harm
No, they can grow up to 50kg without killing patient
Can the size of a malignant tumour impact the harm
a malignant tumour can kill someone before even weighing 50g
What does a benign tumour look like?
What does a malignant tumour look like?
What is a carcinoma?
What is a sarcoma?
What is lymphoma?
What is a glioma?
What is leukemia?
cancer of the blood and bone marrow cells
What is the etiology of cancer?
What are some risk factors of cancer?
What happens to the body with the use of tobacco?
Explain the steps of evolution and clonality of cancer
What is a silent mutation?
alters a base but does not change the amino acid
What is an oncogenic mutation?
A mutation directly contributing to the development of cancer
What are 3 challenges to cancer treatment?
What can an oncogene do?
What are tumor suppressor genes?
genes that normally prevent cell division
Common mutated genes in cancer
TP53
ERBB-1
Discuss TP53
What is the p53 protein?
Discuss ERBB-1 gene
What is EGFR protein
Comparison of p53 and EGFR
Present Aaliyah case (colorectal cancer case study)
What are the 5 steps of the development of colorectal cancer?
what is the importance of screening for colorectal cancer
What are 2 common screenings done for colorectal cancer?
What are the stages of cancer (prognosis)
T: depth
N: spread to lymph nodes
M: Metastisis
What are the grades of cancer?
G1: low grade, still only found in glands, glands not very circular, hollow appearance
G2: medium grade, Some are still glands, still not very circular, cell shape is very different to G! or normal cell, center is filled with cells or debirs
G3: medium-high grade, barely looks like a glad ,cells vary in shape and size, only a few cells are still hollow
G4: high grade, no gland strucutre, no cells are hollow, cells do not have a specific structure.
What is the difference between sporadic or familial colorectal cancer
Sporadic: spontaneous mutations in both allele of adenomatous polyposis coli gene (APC)
Familial: inherited mutation
What is Lynch syndrome?
What is the prognosis of colorectal cancer?
65% survival rate after 5 years
What are factors that can cause colorectal cancer?
Risk factors that put Indigenous people at higher risk of colorectal cancer
Describe Jorges case (Acute Myeloid leukemia)
What is the impact of blood cancer in Canada
What is hematopoiesis?
formation of blood cells from a stem cell to different specialized blood cells
What is the classical blood cancer pathway?
What are the 4 types of blood cancer?
What are the main differences between acute and chronic blood cancers.
Chronic: Proliferation of well differentiated cells, slow progression, can be monitored for some times before treatment is needed.
Acute: Proliferation of poorly differentiated cells, progresses rapidly, needs immediate treatment
Factors affecting prognosis of AML
Age: poeple 65+ are at higher risk of death whereas childre 1-15 have a 90% survival rate.
Weight: underweight or overweight causes higher risk of death
Previous blood disorders: like hemophilia, anemia…
Genetics: certain mutations can make prognosis better or worse
Name some AML related genes
AML1-ETO
CBFβ-SMMHC
PML-RARA!!! this ones important to know
FLT3
c-KIT
N-RAS, K-RAS
BCR-ABL
TEL-PDGFB
What is immunotherapy?
What are some cancer biomarkers?
What are the 3 types of biomarkers
What is metabolism?
What is an anabolic pathway?
A pathway where simple molecules are built up into more complex molecules. Requires energy.
What is a catabolic pathway?
release energy by breaking down complex molecules into simpler compounds
What are the 4 macromolecules?
carbohydrates: sugar, glycogen, fiber, starches *glucose=primary source of energy
lipids: fats (tryglycerides, oils, fats, cholesterol), associated with transporter proteins cuz theyre hydrophobic, part of adipose tissue
proteins: chains of amino acids, broken down for energy if starving
nucleic acids: DNA, RNA, critical for central dogma, not for energy but they make up ATP and GTP
What are the factors that influence how our body stores energy?
What is the bodys equilibrium?
Where the body ia at equal amount of anabolism and catabolism
Why does our body do anabolism?
Why does our body do catabolism?
What organ produces insulin?
Pancreas
Explain insulin binding
Insulin binds to its receptor outside of the cell. The receptor is activated which signals an increase in anabolic activity
Explain glucose transport
insulin sitmulates the movement of glucose transporters from endosomes in cells to the plasma membrane. Glucose can now enter the cell and be used for energy
What happens if theres no insulin?
Glucose enters the cell but cannot be metabolized.
What are plasmalipoproteins?
What is cholesterol?
What are the risk factors of metabolic disease?
Obesity: