LONG QUIZ PART 1

1950

Historically, sex and gender have been treated as synonyms. It was not until the --’s that American and British Psychologist, sociologist, and other professionals working on gender related issues pusshed to distinguish one term from another.

Sex

It refers to the categories that people are assigned to at birth based on reproductive characteristics

Sex

Primarily referts to physical attributes body characteristics notbaly sex organ which are distinct in majority of individuals.

Sex

It is biologically determined, by genes and hormones, media

Sex

It is relatively fixed or constant through time and across culture

primary

The reproductive system is a \-- characteristics

secondary

The height and muscle mass is a \-- characteristics

sex

Genetic factors largely determine the - of an organism.

X, Y

The sex chromossme are reffered to as \-- and --.

X

All human female egg cells only carry - chromosomes

X, Y

A human male sperm cell can carry \-- chromosomes

female

XX

male

XY

Intersex

A condition where a person’s genitalia seem to be in between that of a male and a female.

Intersex

A physiological condition where an organism has different variations of the physical characteristics compared to a true nake or female of its kind.

Intersex

This condition is usually due to some extra chromosome or hormonal anomaly during its embryonic stage.

Intersex

This is sometimes determined at birth, but other times a person would only fnd out about the condition by the time he or she reached puberty or as an infertile adult.

Intersex

A person born \-- occurs once in every 1500 to 2000 births.

Gender, WHO

A socially contructed characteristics of a male persona and female person. Defined by --

genus

Etymologically, the word gender came from the Latin --, meaning kind, type, or sort.

Gender

It is the legal status differentiated through social roles, behaviours, capabilities, emotional, intellectual, and social characteristics attributed to a given culture ot women and men.

Gender

The social difference and relatuib between mena nd women which are learbed, vary widelt among societies abd cultures, and change over time.

Gender

The cultural differences show that \-- and their characteristics are dependent on what the community deemed acceptable. This is not inborn.

Gender

It is the composite of attitude and behaviour of men and women

Gender

It is learned and perpetuated primaruly thorugh: the family, educatyion, religion, and is an acquied identity.

Gender

Because it is socialized. it may be variable through time and across culture

Sex

The term \-- is used and broken down on statistical data

Gender

The term \-- used to analyse the roles, responsibilities, constraints, oppurtunities and need of women and men in all areas in any givem social context

male, female

Proper term in reference to sex are \-- and --

masculine, feminine

Proper term in reference to gender are \-- and --

family

It is an essential, natural, and fundamental unit of society

Nuclear family

Constituted of legally married parents raising their biological offspring in an exclusive arrangement is the singular morally and socially desirable choice of adults and children alike.

Functionalist

It assumed that the traditional nuclear family is a natural unit and exists to maintain social order and is mutually beneficial to all. Marriage controls sexual behavior and ensures it is morally acceptable (i.e., heterosexual and monogamous), and parents can control children.

Marxist

It believed that the nuclear family is valued over the typical working-class extended family to encourage material aspirations. This family unit is organized to reinforce passive acceptance of authority, hierarchy, and inequality, thereby keeping the working classes (proletariat) under the control of the middle/upper classes (bourgouise).

Marxist Feminist

It explained that the nuclear family benefits the powerful at the expense of the working class, and women's domestic labor enables the future workforce to be raised at little cost to the patriarchal capitalist community. The containment of women's sexual services and domestic labor within marriage ensures the male workforce is emotionally and physically fit.

Work task

\-- is an allocated sexual division of labor, either in the private household or in the public economy.

Sexual Division of Labor

It is specific expression of the division of labor where workers are divided according to certain assumptions about men’s work ad women’s work.

Sexual Division of Labor

It is based upon gender divisions which, although socially constructed, are frequently believed to be the outcome of the "natural" attributes and aptitudes of the sexes.

Gender Roles

Growing up, the child is taught the norms and behaviors expected of its assigned sex in accordance with the community's culture and traditions.

Gender Roles

In societies that follow Christian or Islamic traditions, a male child is taught and expected as a man to pair up with a female alone. A female child is likewise taught and expected as a woman to be attracted to the male sex alone.

Gender Roles

Patriarchal societies expect men to take on physically demanding jobs as well as provide food, shelter, and security for the family. Women, on the other hand, are expected to do household chores as well as take care of the children and the husband.

Gender Roles

Are learned behaviors in a given society, community or other social group.

Gender Roles

They condition activities, tasks and responsibilities are perceived as male or female.

Gender Roles

Affected by age, class, race, ethnicity and religion, and by the geographical, economic and political environment

Gender Roles

Are social expectations comprising a range of behaviors and attitudes considered acceptable and appropriate based on the assigned sex

John William Money

The term "gender role" was coined by psychologist and author \-- in his research on how intersex people expressed their being male or being female,

Gender roles

These are focused on the concepts of femininity and masculinity. Society expects people to adhere to these.

Reproductive Role, Productive Role, Commuinity Management Role, Community Politics Role, Multiple Roles

On the basis of the sexual division of labor, there are five basic categories of human activitites: (5)

Reproductive Role

This includes childbearing/rearing responsibilities and domestic tasks done by women.

Human or Biological Reproduction, Reproduction of Labor, Social Reproduction

3 Division of Reproductiv Role

Human or biological reproduction

It includes not only bearing children but also reproducing the relationship of marriage, kinship, fertility, and sexuality.

Reproduction of labor

It means the care and socialization of children and the maintenance of adult individuals who will fit into the social structure of society.

Social reproduction

These activities include caring of children, adults, and old through activities of feeding the children, cooking food for adult and old, washing, cleaning, nursing, and many other household activities.

Productive Role

This refers to social production or production of commodities in which goods and services are for exchange rather than for immediate consumption. Both women and men are engaged in these activities.

Productive Role

These activities carry a reward in the form of wages in cash or kind in return to their labor or the product they produce.

Productive Role

Men generally dominate in these activities due to having more time and better skills to get higher wages while women are concentrated in labor-intensive, low paid jobs.

Community Management Role

This activity is related to the governance of community life, the organization of cultural and social activities.

Community Management Role

Both women and men are engaged in these activities. However, men gain in this by earning social prestige, and social leadership, whereas women's role is valued as doing some work in their free time.

Community Management Role

It is voluntary and unpaid work.

Community Politics Role

This activity is undertaken by men at the community level, organizing at the formal political often within the framework of national politics.

Community Politics Role

This is usually paid work, either directly or indirectly, through status or power.

Multiple Roles

Both men and women play this role. The significant difference, however, is that men are typically playing their roles sequentially, focusing on a single productive role. However, women usually play their roles simultaneously, balancing the demands of each within their limited time constraints.

Sex Roles

Refers to the rules and standards of behavior and practices often related to a person’s reproductive capacity.

Sex Roles

It is a function or role that a male or a female assumes for the simple fact that it is the basic physiological difference between sexes.

Sex Roles

It is a biologically determined role and can onlt be performed by that specific sex.

Sex Roles

Notion of this rely heavily on biological factors, especially on a person’s reproductive capacity, and these ideas are expressed differently betwen cultures and historical periods.

Sex Roles

Same in all societies: They are universal

Sex Roles

Never change with history

Sex Roles

Can be performed by only one of the sexes

Sex Roles

They are biologically determined

Gender Roles

Are culturally produced behaviors.

Gender Roles

May differ from society to society

Gender Roles

Can change history

Gender Roles

Can be performed by both sexes

Gender Roles

They are socially, culturally determined

Feminine

\-- Role Child bearing

Feminine

\-- Role Lactation

Feminine

\-- Role Gestation

Masculine

\-- Role Ovum Fertilization

Masculine

\-- Role Produces spermatozia which determines chil’d sex

Gender equality

Entails the concept that all human beings, both men and women are free to develop their personal abilities and make choices without the limitations set by steroetypes, rigid gender roles, and prejudices.

Gender Equality

The different behaviors, aspirations, and need of women and men are considered, valued, and favoured equally.

Gender Equality

It does not mean that women and men have to become the same, but their rights, responsibilities, and oppoutunitist will not depend on wether they are born male or female.

Gender Equity

Fairness of treatment for women and men, according to their respective needs.

Gender Equity

This may include equal treatment or treatment that is different but which is considered equivalent in terms of rights, benefits, obligations, and opportunities.

Gender Mainstreaming

As a concept was first proposed in 1985 at the Third World Conference on Women but was only formally featured a decad later.

Gender Mainstreaming

The process of asessing the implications for women and men of any planned action, including legislations, policies or programmes, in all areas and at all levels.

Gender Mainstreaming

It is a strategy for making women’s as well as men’s concerns and experiences an integral dimesion of the design implementation, monitoring and evaluation of policies and programmes in all political, economic and societal spheres so that women and men benefit equally and inequality is not perpetuated.

Gender Equality

The ultimate goal of gender mainstreaming is to achieve --

Empowerment, Accountability, Integration of Effort

The 3 principles of gender mainstreaming as outlined in the Gneder Management System Handbook (1999)

Empowerment

Means having control over issues and decisions that affect your life

Empowerment

To be given a voice in decision-making bodies and control over the distribution of resources.

Empowerment

A deliberate corrective action must be taken in areas where people are underrepresented.

Accountability

Could wither be a postice means of motivaion such as reward systems for specific goals achieved or a less positive motivation such as boundary systems

Accountability

Define acceptable/unacceptable behaviors with corresponding sanctions for those who cross the boundaries.

Integration of effort

A high degree of coordination to ensure that gender mainstreaming is a holistic approach to transforing structures that create or perpetuate gender inequality, rather than just making a “band-aid” solution.

Integration of effort

Men and women are not just biological categories, but also includes elements like race/ethnicity, age, social class, etc.

Gender sensitive language

The word used in addressing both men and women must make both visible. It applies to all kinds of written material as well as in verbal communication.

Gender specific data collection and analysis

Collecting, analysis, and presenation of data should be gender specific and takes social dimensions such as age, ethnicity, income, and education among others in consideration whenever possible.

Equal access and equal use of services

The different effects of products and services to men and women must be equally assessed.