Psychopathology

What is adnormal

• Deviant (rare)

• distressful (does it cause personal suffering)

• dysfunctional (intefere with function)

Diathesis-Stress Model of Mental Disorders

• It suggests that vulnerability (diathesis) combined with environmental stressors can lead to the development of mental disorders

• Metaphor to cliff

diathesis

• Genetic inheritance

• Biological processes, such as brain abnormals or neurotransmitter problems

part of diathesis-stress model

environemental

• Noxious physical stressor

• Relationship/job problems

• Trauma, abuse, neglect

  part of diathesis stress model

Comorbidity

co-occurrence of more than one disorder in the same individual

Diagnostic and statistical

you either have it or you don’t

Etiology of Anxiety Disorders

• Biological Factors

• learned/conditioned

• cognitive

generalized anxiety disorder

• Non-specific

• Free-floating anxiety

• Get nervous about everything

• 5% of lifetime prevalence

• Insomnia

• psychological symptoms

Panic disorder

• Panic attack (sympathetic div.)

• ex: Agoraphobia- fear of marketplace

phobias

• Intense, irrational fears of specific objects and situations

• Social phobia (afraid of social situations)

• Lots of avoidance

• Negative reinforcement

obessive compulsive disorder

• Competitive

• Ritualistic behaviors aimed at decreasing anxiety

• Mainland via negative reinforcement (when a response is strengthened a reduction of stimulus)

PTSD

1. Re-experiencing of event

2. Numbing or withdrawal

3. Hyperarousal - ppl be easily irratible or angry or have insomnia

Lifetime prevalence 1-14% depends on environment/perspn

mood disorders

• major depressive

• bipolar disorder

Bipolar disorder

• Not only do you get the depression but you also get the mania

• Manic episode where the person seems super energized

• They feel pretty invincible

• Shopping sprees (can cause financial diaster)

• No brakes on car

• Pressured speech

• People become less selective of sexual behaviors or partners

• Manic episode last like 2-4 days give or take

positive symptoms of scizophrenia

• Hallucinations

• delusions

• Disorganized behavior and speech

negative symptoms of scizophrenia

• Avolition

• Affective deficits

• Alogia

• Asociality

• Cognitive experiences

Etiology of Mood Disorders

• Genetic Vulnerability

• neurotransmitter (norepinephrine, serotonin)

• cognitive factors

• Situational Factors

Etiology of Schizophrenia

• Genetic Vulnerability

• Neurochemical Factors (serotonin, dopamine, glutamine)

• Structural Abnormalities in the Brain (enlarged ventricles; smaller thalamus with less metabolic activity)

• Neurodevelopmental Hypothesis

substance abuse

• significant negative consequences related to substance use

• continued use despite social/interpersonal problems caused or exacerbated by use

Substance Dependence

• tolerance + withdrawl

• larger amounts/longer period than intended

• unsuccessful efforts to cut down

• great deal of time obtaining, using, or recovering from substance

adhd

• inattention

• hyperactivity

• impulsivity

autism

• impairments in two domains

  • Social communication (verbal and nonverbal) and social interaction (unaware of others)

  • Restricted and repetitive behaviors, interests, and activities

  • onset prior to age three