3. Finance

Short- term finance?

Money borrowed for one year or less

Long-term finance

money borrowed for more than one year

Start-up Capital?

Money needed to set up a business

Expansion?

Money needed for a business to grow

Working Capital?

Money needed for daily expenses

Emergency

Money needed for unexpected situations

Internal finance

finance generated by the business from its own means

Retained profit?

Profit kept in the business after paying all costs, expenses.

Advantages of retained profit?

• does not have to be repaid

• No interest needs to be paid

• Readily available

Disadvantages of retained profit?

• Profits may be too low

• A new business won’t have

• Keeping more profits will reduce the return to shareholders

Selling assets?

Selling unwanted assets like property to raise finance

Advantages of selling assets?

• Uses capital tied up in the business

• Does not become a debt for the business

Disadvantages of selling assets?

• Takes time and the expected amount may not be gained

• A new business will not have assets to sell.

Personal savings?

Finance the owner invests directly from their savings

Advantages of personal savings?

• Will be available fast

• No interest has to be paid

Disadvantages of personal savings?

• increases risk taken by owners.

Overdraft?

can spend more than whats in their bank accounts

Advantages of overdraft

• flexible as it can change

• interest is only on amount withdrawn

Disadvantages of overdraft

• interest rates can vary

• may have to be repaid fast

Trade payable

when a business delays paying their suppliers (30-90) to improve their cash position

advantages of trade payables

• Cheap because no interest

• Can improve cash flow

disadvantages of trade payables

• may damage the relationship with supplier

Credit cards

can borrow money within a limit

bank loan

money borrowed from banks and repaid with an interest

advantages of bank loan

• fixed rate of interest

• flexible

disadvantages of bank loan

• needs to give a bank collateral security

• needs to pay interest periodically

Mortgage

a long term goal used for buying land or property

debenture

loans made to business and investors are given a certificate

venture capitalists

investors who provide money to small/medium businesses for a share of the business

advantages of venture capitalists

• support with business contracts

• can provide expertise and guidance

disadvantages of venture capitalists

• share of profitt

• may want more control

Share capital

Money raised from the sale of shares

crowd funding

a large number of people who can invest in a business using an online platform

Cash flow forecast?

A financial document that predicts cash inflow and outflow of a business

Importance of cash?

• Business cannot survive without cash

• to pay suppliers

• to pay overheads

• to pay employees

Cash flow?

the flow of money in and out of a business

cash inflow

they money coming into a business

cash outflow

money going out of a business

net cash flow

the difference between cash inflow and outflow

Purpose of cash flow?

• identifying cash shortages- identifying in advance so a business knows when to borrow cash

• Supporting application for funding- to show investors and bankers

• Helps when planning the business- helps clarify aims and performance planning

• Monitoring cash flow- to see the accuracy of the cash flow forecast

Advantages of cash flow forecast?

• Helps businesses plan for times when they might run out of money.

• A clear picture of cash coming in and leaving. Decision making.

• Easier to get loans or investments, and banks often see forecasts

Disadvantages of cash flow forecast?

• based on predictions- can lead to wrong choices

• unexpected events may occur

• time-consuming and needs to be updated

Fixed costs?

costs that don’t change with the level of output (rent, bills, payments)

Variable costs

costs that change based on the level of output (raw materials, wages, fuel)

Total costs formula?

TC= fixed costs + variable costs

Average costs formula?

AC= total costs/quantity produced

Total revenue formula?

TR= quantity sold x price

Profit formula?

P= Total revenue - costs

Break-even point?

when total costs and total revenue are the same

• neither a profit or loss is made

• profit = 0

Break-even point formula?

BEP = Fixed costs/ (Selling price-Variable cost per unit)

Limitations of the break-even chart?

1. Costs do not always increase in direct proportion to units sold.

   • bulk-buying reduces variable costs per unit and increases output

   • fixed costs might increase due to more staff or equipment

2. Some output may remain unsold

   • businesses may keep stock to cope with any changes in demand

   • some stock could also be sold at a lower price

3. Data has to be accurate

   • Wrong cost input could lead to misunderstanding of the break even point

Advantages of the break-even chart?

1. Clear visual tool – It’s easy to see when the business will start making a profit.

2. Helps set targets – Shows how many products need to be sold to avoid a loss.

3. Supports planning – Useful for making simple business decisions like pricing or budgeting.

Statement of comprehensive income (SOCI)?

A financial document that records all the income generated by the business. (Profit and loss statement)

Cost of sales (direct costs) formula?

Opening inventory of finished goods - closing inventory of finished goods

Gross profit formula?

Sales revenue - cost of sales

• it’s the profit made before expenses are taken away.

Net/ operating profit formula?

Gross profit - expenses?

what are expenses?

All INDIRECT costs like rent, wages, bills, marketing.

What does the SOCI include?

• Revenue

• Cost of Sales

• Gross profit

• Operating profit

• Finance costs

• Profit for the year

• Profit for the year after tax

Retained profit?

profit that is invested back into the business

Distributed profit?

a portion of the net profit distributed to stakeholders.

How can SOCI be used for decision making?

1. investment decisions

• a rise in profit- more funds for investment

2. Cost analysis

   • an increase in cost of sales- reduces COP

3. Future forecasts

• increase in profit- further increase in the future

Statement of Financial position?

A financial document which provides a summary of a firm’s assets, liabilities and capital. (Balance sheet)

Assets?

resources owned by a business (items of value)

Non-current/ fixed assets?

Assets that remain in the business for more than a year (land, vehicles, buildings)

Can also be intangible (copyrights and patents) that add to the value of a business

Current/ Short assets?

Assets that can be changed into cash within a year- liquid assets (inventory, cash ‘in hand’)

Liabilities?

debts owed by the business to its creditors

Non-current liabilites?

Business debts which don’t need to be repaid within a year. (loans, debentures)

Current liabilites?

Business debts that do need to be repaid within a year. (Trade payables, overdrafts)

Net current assets formula?

Current assets - current liabilites

Net assets formula?

Total assets - total liabilities

Interpreting the SOFP

• Financing its activities- long-term liabilities are share capital- application for loans may be declined

• What a business owes

• What a business owns

Advantages of SOFP

• Supports comparison – It can be compared with previous years to see how the business is improving or declining.

• Helps with decision-making – Managers can decide whether to invest more, cut costs, or take out loans based on the business’s financial position.

• Useful for stakeholders – Investors, banks, and owners can use it to make informed decisions (e.g. lending, investing).

Drawbacks of SOFP

• Doesn’t show cash flow – It doesn’t reflect how much actual cash the business has or how money is moving in and out.

• May be outdated quickly – The information can become irrelevant if the business’s finances change soon after it’s made.

• Based on estimates – Some values (like depreciation or inventory) are not exact and may reduce accuracy.

Ratio analysis?

Extracting information from financial accounts to assess business performance. This is compared over time to determine how well financial objectives are being achieved.

Profitability ratios?

Measures the performance of a business and focuses on profit, revenue and amount invested into the business. SOCI is used.

Liquidity ratios?

Measures how easily a business can pay its short-term debts

Gross profit margin?

proportion of a revenue turned into gross profit

Gross profit margin formula?

GPM= (Gross profit/sales revenue) x 100

Operating profit margin?

An accurate reading on how much profit is made.

• the higher the number the better

Operating profit margin formula?

OPM= (Operating profit/Sales revenue) x 100

Mark up?

Profit made per item sold.

Mark up formula?

(Profit per item/Cost per item) x 100

Current ratio?

quick way to measure liquidity

• answer is shown as a ratio

Current ratio formula?

Current assets/current liabilites

Acid test ratio formula?

ATR= Current assets-Stock/ Current liabilites

• stock- inventory ( goods)

How can financial documents be used to assess the performance of a business?

• Managers and employees- looking at strategies to improve business performance and job security (wage negotiations)

• Owners and shareholders- Profitability or risk.

• External stakeholders- Financial history.

Using financial documents for decision making

• funding decisions- Sources of finance

• Reducing costs- production process

• Increasing profitability- can become more competitive

• Investment decisions- can attract shareholders to a business by having good financial records.

Advantages of break even analysis

• Allows businesses to determine the minimum sales needed to cover costs

• Cost Control- By understanding the relationship between fixed and variable costs, businesses can identify areas where they may reduce costs or improve efficiency.