Ch. 38 Degenerative Disorders of Musculoskeletal System

Synarthrosis

little or no mobility; fibrous joints (skull)

Diarthrosis

most mobility; synovial joint (shoulder)

Amphiarthrosis

slight mobility; cartilaginous joints (vertebrae)

Arthropathy

joint disorder

Arthritis

Joint disorder + inflammation in 1 or more joints

Osteophytes

small bony projections that develop along the rim of bone adjacent to cartilage loss (hallmark of OA).

Osteopenia

thinning of the trabecular matrix of the bone before osteoporosis

Hyperparathyroidism

excess secretion of PTH negatively affects serum calcium balance. Parathyroid hormone reabsorbs calcium from bone to raise the blood levels.

Hypogonadism

loss of the protective effects of estrogen and testosterone (children and young adults)

Exogenous glucocorticoids

corticosteroid medications (taken in excess) cause deterioration of bone tissue

Malabsorption syndrome

diminishes both calcium and vitamin D absorption from the intestine

Heberden's nodes

Swelling at the distal interphalangeal joint (DIP) (OA affect on fingers)

Bouchard's nodes

Swelling at proximal interphalangeal joint (PIP) (OA affect on fingers)

Herniated disc

Bulging disc

Degenerated disc

Causes of spinal nerve impingement

Herniated Disc

nucleus pulposus squeezed out of place and herniates through annulus fibrosus causing spinal nerve impingement and motor/sensory issues (symptom of DDD)

Spinal Stenosis

Osteophyte formation (bony formations that can narrow the spinal canal; most common in neck and lumbar vertebrae) (DDD)

Spondylolisthesis

forward slippage of the disc and vertebrae (DDD)

Retrolisthesis

backward slippage of the disc and vertebrae (DDD)