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individualism
focus on self
natural law
rule/law that governs human nature, gov there to protect from self
Natural rights
Rights that are given at birth
Social contract
Agreement between people and gov
Seperation of powers
powers seperated in gov
Popular sovereignty
Power to the people
characteristics of an absolute leader
centralization power, divine right, large militaries, unrestricted power
Absolutism
Government where a ruler has all the power
Phillip II
King of spain during their golden age, husband of bloody mary, failed the spanish armada
Louis XIV
longest ruling leader in history, versailles palace, ended fuedalism
Peter the Great
Absolute Czar of Russia who made St. Petersburg, modernized russia, and made the first russian navy
Charles I
Ruled during the english civil war, was beheaded
Cavaliers
People who were pro-king during the english civil war
Roundheads
People who were pro parliament during the english civil war
Oliver Cromwell
Roundhead general who abolished the monarchy
Glorious revolution
When King William and Mary agreed to a constitutional monarchy and signed the english bill of rights
Englightened despots/Enlightened rulers
Rulers who followed enlightenment ideals
Maria Theresa and Joseph II of Austria
Marie Antoinettes parents, did a lot of good stuff for austria
Catherine the Great of Russia
Russias longest running female leader, expanded russia and tried to get rid of serfdom
Boyars
Russian nobility
Mary Wollstone Craff
“First feminist”, helped with womens rights in the french revolution but left before she was killed
Olympe De Gouge
Womens rights, one of the first women to be guillotined during the french revolution
Causes of the American Revolution
Enlightenment thinkers, 7 year war, debts/taxes
Treaty of Paris
Ended the american revolutionary war
French 1st Estate
Catholic church, didn't pay taxes
French 2nd Estate
Nobility, exempt from taxes
Fench 3rd Estate
Poor people like farmers
Bourgeois
Richer people of the 3rd estate like factory owners and merchants
Causes of the french revolution
French estate system, bankruptcy/debt, american revolution, unpopular/weak leaders, failed reforms
Storming of bastille (July 14th, 1789)
Kicked off french revolution and gave weapons
The great fear (July 20th, 1789)
French peasant farmers revolted and nobles run away, “end of feudalism”
March on Versailles (October 5, 1789)
French women march on Versailles and demand food, forcing king + family to stay in Paris
Girodins
Wanted to keep the french king as a symbol
Jacobins
Did not want the french king as a symbol
Flight to Lorrends
Marie Antoinette and Louis XVI try to flee paris and get caught
Reign of terror
Led by jacobins, lots of people died
Thermidorian Reaction
Ended reign of terror
Napolean Bonaparte
Governed during french revolution and took over a lot of places
Peninsulares/grandblancs
European born
Créoles/petitblancs
European but born on island
Mulattos/Gens de couleur
Mixed people who were free bc of being part white
Influences of the Haitian revolution
Enlightenment ideals, social/racial divisions, declaration of the rights of man, other civil wars
L'Ouverture
Former slave and leader of the hiatian revolution
Results of Hiatian revolution
Slavery ends in Haiti, Haiti becomes the first black independent nation, debts
Simon Bolivar
Led a lot of latin american revolutions
Monroe Doctrine
Said US wouldnt interfere with european affairs if they stayed out of the western hemisphere
Causes of Central American revolutions
Spanish mercantilism and drought
Nationalism
Strong sense of pride in one's culture, ethnic group, or country
Real Politik
Politics of reality
Otto von Bismark
United germany through war/diplomacy, congress of vienna
Agricultural revolution causes
Seed drill, rhoteram plow, 4 crop rotation system, fences, new crops
Agricultural revolution effects
Less people needed for producing food, increased population, new jobs in cities
Aristocracy
Old wealth but lost power
Middle class
Educated professionals + business owners
Working class
Workers, laborers
Industrial revolution innovations
New energy sources, factories, transportation
Effects of industrial revolution
Population grew, urbanization, factories, increased production
Karl Marx
Wanted classless society, developed middle class, green areas, child labor laws
Young turks
Turkified gov, made constitutional monarchy
Tanzimat (reorganization)
Sultan Mahmud II modernizes military and education, made a european constitution and laws
“Sickman of Europe”
Ottomans since they were struggling
Opium wars
British traded opium to china and got them all addicted to open trade
Migrant
Laborer on the move, looking for work
Indentured servant
Person under contract to work for a definite period of time. Usually unpaid with access to a new country
Imperialism
Control by one nation over another
Imperial control: concession
Lesser developed country gives specific trade/economic privileges and becomes dependent on foreign issues
Imperial Control: sphere of influence
Powerful nation secures exclusive trading privileges or other economic/military interests in lesser developed country
Imperial control: protectorate
Indigenous ruler stays in place but actual rulers are the bigger nation
Imperial control: colony
Powerful nation takes over lesser developed area which becomes a colony
Xhosa cattle killing movement
South african resistance movement where they listened to a prophet who said to kill cows to form a spirit army
Scramble for Africa
Europeans fought to have colonies in africa
Conference of Berlin
Conference where european leaders met and divided up Africa (no african leaders were present)
Belgium in the Congo
Brutal plantation colony led by King Leopold
Muhammad Ali
Leader of egypt who sought freedom from the Ottomans and asked for help from Britain, british occupation after rebellion ended
Cecil Rhodes
British imperialist who made Rhodesia and Debeers diamond company
Teiping rebellion
Tried to abolish private owned land and get rid of opium and foot binding, 30 million died
Self-strengthening movement
China westernized, industrialized, and militarized
Boxer rebellion
Anti-foreign, anti-imperialist, and anti-christian rebellion in china
British East India Trading company
Private company that was funded by the british government which controlled china for a little
Battle of Plassey (1757)
French tried to trade with india but england fought and stopped them
Sepoy
Local men who fought the british possession of india
Indian National Congress
India self ruling
Rowlatt Acts
Allowed trial without Jury and imprisonment without trial
Quit India Movement
Ghandi called for orderly british withdrawl
Ethnic Enclaves
Different parts of the world where migrants live and make ethnic neighborhoods