Unit 5/6 ap world

individualism

focus on self

natural law

rule/law that governs human nature, gov there to protect from self

Natural rights

Rights that are given at birth

Social contract

Agreement between people and gov

Seperation of powers

powers seperated in gov

Popular sovereignty

Power to the people

characteristics of an absolute leader

centralization power, divine right, large militaries, unrestricted power

Absolutism

Government where a ruler has all the power

Phillip II

King of spain during their golden age, husband of bloody mary, failed the spanish armada

Louis XIV

longest ruling leader in history, versailles palace, ended fuedalism

Peter the Great

Absolute Czar of Russia who made St. Petersburg, modernized russia, and made the first russian navy

Charles I

Ruled during the english civil war, was beheaded

Cavaliers

People who were pro-king during the english civil war

Roundheads

People who were pro parliament during the english civil war

Oliver Cromwell

Roundhead general who abolished the monarchy

Glorious revolution

When King William and Mary agreed to a constitutional monarchy and signed the english bill of rights

Englightened despots/Enlightened rulers

Rulers who followed enlightenment ideals

Maria Theresa and Joseph II of Austria

Marie Antoinettes parents, did a lot of good stuff for austria

Catherine the Great of Russia

Russias longest running female leader, expanded russia and tried to get rid of serfdom

Boyars

Russian nobility

Mary Wollstone Craff

“First feminist”, helped with womens rights in the french revolution but left before she was killed

Olympe De Gouge

Womens rights, one of the first women to be guillotined during the french revolution

Causes of the American Revolution

Enlightenment thinkers, 7 year war, debts/taxes

Treaty of Paris

Ended the american revolutionary war

French 1st Estate

Catholic church, didn't pay taxes

French 2nd Estate

Nobility, exempt from taxes

Fench 3rd Estate

Poor people like farmers

Bourgeois

Richer people of the 3rd estate like factory owners and merchants

Causes of the french revolution

French estate system, bankruptcy/debt, american revolution, unpopular/weak leaders, failed reforms

Storming of bastille (July 14th, 1789)

Kicked off french revolution and gave weapons

The great fear (July 20th, 1789)

French peasant farmers revolted and nobles run away, “end of feudalism”

March on Versailles (October 5, 1789)

French women march on Versailles and demand food, forcing king + family to stay in Paris

Girodins

Wanted to keep the french king as a symbol

Jacobins

Did not want the french king as a symbol

Flight to Lorrends

Marie Antoinette and Louis XVI try to flee paris and get caught

Reign of terror

Led by jacobins, lots of people died

Thermidorian Reaction

Ended reign of terror

Napolean Bonaparte

Governed during french revolution and took over a lot of places

Peninsulares/grandblancs

European born

Créoles/petitblancs

European but born on island

Mulattos/Gens de couleur

Mixed people who were free bc of being part white

Influences of the Haitian revolution

Enlightenment ideals, social/racial divisions, declaration of the rights of man, other civil wars

L'Ouverture

Former slave and leader of the hiatian revolution

Results of Hiatian revolution

Slavery ends in Haiti, Haiti becomes the first black independent nation, debts

Simon Bolivar

Led a lot of latin american revolutions

Monroe Doctrine

Said US wouldnt interfere with european affairs if they stayed out of the western hemisphere

Causes of Central American revolutions

Spanish mercantilism and drought

Nationalism

Strong sense of pride in one's culture, ethnic group, or country

Real Politik

Politics of reality

Otto von Bismark

United germany through war/diplomacy, congress of vienna

Agricultural revolution causes

Seed drill, rhoteram plow, 4 crop rotation system, fences, new crops

Agricultural revolution effects

Less people needed for producing food, increased population, new jobs in cities

Aristocracy

Old wealth but lost power

Middle class

Educated professionals + business owners

Working class

Workers, laborers

Industrial revolution innovations

New energy sources, factories, transportation

Effects of industrial revolution

Population grew, urbanization, factories, increased production

Karl Marx

Wanted classless society, developed middle class, green areas, child labor laws

Young turks

Turkified gov, made constitutional monarchy

Tanzimat (reorganization)

Sultan Mahmud II modernizes military and education, made a european constitution and laws

“Sickman of Europe”

Ottomans since they were struggling

Opium wars

British traded opium to china and got them all addicted to open trade

Migrant

Laborer on the move, looking for work

Indentured servant

Person under contract to work for a definite period of time. Usually unpaid with access to a new country

Imperialism

Control by one nation over another

Imperial control: concession

Lesser developed country gives specific trade/economic privileges and becomes dependent on foreign issues

Imperial Control: sphere of influence

Powerful nation secures exclusive trading privileges or other economic/military interests in lesser developed country

Imperial control: protectorate

Indigenous ruler stays in place but actual rulers are the bigger nation

Imperial control: colony

Powerful nation takes over lesser developed area which becomes a colony

Xhosa cattle killing movement

South african resistance movement where they listened to a prophet who said to kill cows to form a spirit army

Scramble for Africa

Europeans fought to have colonies in africa

Conference of Berlin

Conference where european leaders met and divided up Africa (no african leaders were present)

Belgium in the Congo

Brutal plantation colony led by King Leopold

Muhammad Ali

Leader of egypt who sought freedom from the Ottomans and asked for help from Britain, british occupation after rebellion ended

Cecil Rhodes

British imperialist who made Rhodesia and Debeers diamond company

Teiping rebellion

Tried to abolish private owned land and get rid of opium and foot binding, 30 million died

Self-strengthening movement

China westernized, industrialized, and militarized

Boxer rebellion

Anti-foreign, anti-imperialist, and anti-christian rebellion in china

British East India Trading company

Private company that was funded by the british government which controlled china for a little

Battle of Plassey (1757)

French tried to trade with india but england fought and stopped them

Sepoy

Local men who fought the british possession of india

Indian National Congress

India self ruling

Rowlatt Acts

Allowed trial without Jury and imprisonment without trial

Quit India Movement

Ghandi called for orderly british withdrawl

Ethnic Enclaves

Different parts of the world where migrants live and make ethnic neighborhoods