vertebral column & bony thorax, pectoral girdle, arms, forearms, wrists, and hands

vertebral arch

structure that encloses the nerve cord

body of vertebrae

weight-bearing portion of the vertebra

spinous process, transverse process

provide(s) levers for the muscles to pull against

body of vertebrae (1)

provides an articulation point for the ribs

intervertebral foramina

openings providing an exit of spinal nerves

atlas, axis, cervical vertebra

type of vertebrae containing foramina in the transverse processes, though which the vertebral arteries ascend to the brain

axis

its dens provide a pivot for rotation of the first cervical vertebra

thoracic vertebra

transverse processes have facets for articulation with ribs; spinous processes point sharply downward

sacrum

composite bone; articulates with the hip bone laterally

lumbar vertebra

massive vertebrae; weight-sustaining

coccyx

tailbone; vestigial fused vertebrae

atlas

supports the head; allows the rocking motion of the occipital condyles

atlas, axis, cervical vertebra (1)

seven components; unfused

thoracic vertebra (1)

twelve components; unfused

kyphosis

describes abnormal curvature

scoliosis

exaggerated thoracic curvature; the vertebral column is displaced laterally

fibrocartilage

what intervertebral discs are made of

cushioning

the discs provide _____

deltoid tuberosity

raised area on the lateral surface of the humerus to which the deltoid muscle attaches

humerus

arm bone

scapula, clavicle

bones composing of the shoulder girdle

radius, ulna

forearm bones

acromion

point where scapula and clavicle connect

scapula

shoulder girdle bone that has no attachment to the axial skeleton

clavicle

shoulder girdle bone that articulates anteriorly with the sternum

glenoid cavity

socket in the scapula for the arm bone

coracoid process

process above the glenoid cavity that permits muscle attachment

clavicle (1)

commonly called the collarbone

trochlea

distal medial process of the humerus; joins the ulna

ulna

medial bone of the forearm in the anatomical position

capitulum

rounded knob on the humerus that articulates with the radius

coronoid process

anterior depression; superior to the trochlea; receives part of the ulna when the forearm is flexed

ulna (1)

forearm bone involved in formation of the elbow joint

scapula, sternum

bones that articulate with the clavicle

carpals

bones of the wrist

phalanges

bones of the fingers

metacarpals

heads of these bones form the knuckles

lungs, heart

the organs protected by the thoracic cage include the _____ and the _____.

true, false

ribs 1 through 7 are called ____ ribs, whereas ribs 8 through 12 are called _____ ribs.

floating

ribs 11 and 12 are also called ________ ribs.

thoracic vertebrae, sternum

all ribs articulate posteriorly with the _____, and most connect anteriorly to the _____ either directly or indirectly.

cone-shaped

the general shape of the thoracic cage