Biology 316 Exam 3

How are dogs and wolves related?

What distinguishes a dog from a wolf?

How are dogs and wolves related?

What distinguishes a dog from a wolf?

Dogs are a sister spies to the gray wolf, descent unsure. Dogs have more delicate bones and teeth, floppier ears/tail, and softer coats than wolves

Why is cow’s milk not suitable for puppies?

Cow's milk has too much lactose, not enough fat and protein.

What adjustments do puppies have to go through to transition from milk to solid food?

Must produce wider variety of enzymes, they have to chew, food is drier, and their stomachs must do more mechanical work. Emotionally, they have to separate from their mother's which may be stressful.

How can you prevent obesity in dogs?

Feed to maintain lean body condition

Why is exercise important in the development of growing dogs?

helps manage weight, and also functions in muscle buildup, bone growth, and cardiovascular health

Why wouldn’t you put a dog on a pure meat diet?

The ancestors of our pet dogs would have consumed the whole body of their prey, not just the meat. They would have eaten the bones, internal organs, intestinal contents, skin and hair

Which dog life stages have the highest nutrient demands? Which has the lowest?

Highest- lactation. Lowest- maintenance

Why do you want to avoid crash diets for obese dogs?

Could cause deficiencies, hormonal shifts, and the dog could become anxious because they're always hungry

How does food intake change over the course of dog pregnancy and lactation?

Regular feed is fine until about 5-6 weeks, then intake must be increased. Food intake drops near birth. During lactation, feed intake increases.

What are the 2 main causes of disease in geriatric dogs?

The two main causes of disease in geriatric dogs are chronic degenerative diseases and cancer.

How can you maintain dental health in dogs?

1. Seek regular veterinary care and have the teeth cleaned when advised. 2. Try to maintain home dental care with brushing the teeth

What factors can cause renal damage in dogs and how can it be prevented?

Several factors can cause renal damage in dogs, including infections, toxins, medications, and genetic predisposition. To prevent renal damage, it is important to provide clean drinking water, avoid exposure to toxins, monitor medication use, and maintain a healthy diet and weight. Regular veterinary check-ups can also help detect early signs of renal damage.

What causes an allergic reaction and how does it proceed in the body?

exaggerated or inappropriate allergic symptoms after coming into contact with a substance the body perceives as harmful

How can food allergies be diagnosed in dogs? What can be done to treat them?

Diagnose by removing suspected food from diet and observing results a few weeks; for treatment, switch to ration without allergen

What causes hip dysplasia? How can it be prevented or treated?

Bad breeding. Overfeeding protein can cause hip dysplasia to worsen. Vitamin C and glucosamine can help, but it is not treatable.

What are 4 foods that are dangerous for dogs and why?

Cat food- too much protein Avocado- diarrhea, vomiting Caffeine- hyperactivity, seizures Yeasted raw dough- expands in stomach

How are cats and wild cats related? Have domesticated cats changed much?

They have similar skeletons which complicates positive ID, Yes

What adaptations do cats have as mid-level predators?

night vision, small sharp canines/jumpy, secretive

What is a true carnivore? What kind of diet did cats evolve to eat?

Predators of small mammals/prey of larger predators. A diet high in protein and fat

How do recommended feeding patterns differ between dogs and cats? (A few regular meals or free feeding?)

free feeding is generally recommended for cats but for dogs 2 meals is best

What happens to genes for traits that aren’t affected by natural selection (aren’t used)?

genes that are not used can be lost

Why don’t cats seek out carbs in their diets?

they can form glucose from other substances via a chemical reactions gluconeogenesis and deamination they also lost the ability to taste sweetness and thus dont seek things containing carbs. they also get some carbs from the intestinal contents of their prey

How do cats get enough glucose if they eat very little of it?

they can convert the amino acids they get from their high protein diet into glucose via gluconeogenesis

Why is it important for cats to get taurine in their diets? What does it do?

since they dont make enough of it they need it from their diet, it is a critical element of opsin which is a protein involved in eye function - deficiency causes loss of eyesight

What happens when cats don’t get enough arginine in their diet?

arginine is needed to convert ammonia to urea; deficiency in diet can be rapidly fatal within only a few days through toxin buildup, especially if cat is getting plenty of other amino acids

What causes Feline Lower Urinary Tract Disease? What are 4 things that can be done to prevent it?

Interaction of urinary pH, ammonia, magnesium, phosphorus, and low H2O cause crystallization of struvite, and large meals can cause urine pH to increase (too many nutrients at once to handle) 1-Balanced diet (not too much protein) 2-Lots of fresh water 3-Clean litter box (encourages urination) 4-Keep active

What are 3 vitamins cats need to get from their diet?

a.a. from diet, Niacin from diet, Need Vitamin D3 from food (for bone growth) because they can't make it from sun exposure

What are 3 unique nutritional needs of cats? Why did they develop them?

1. Cat ancestor lost genes for amino acid synthesis, so they must get plenty of a.a. from diet 2. Need more Niacin from diet; because so much a.a. metabolism for energy, can't make enough Niacin from tryptophan 3. Need Vitamin D3 from food (for bone growth) because they can't make it from sun exposure

What effect do domesticated cats have on bird and small mammal numbers in the US?

cats kill 1.4-3.7 billion birds per year and 6.9-20.7 billion mammals

How are horses able to use the 3 VFAs in their metabolism?

To digest cellulose, Glycerol and Galactase, and Protien

Why don’t horses have gall bladders? How does that affect their digestion?

horses are designed to eat constantly. Bile from the liver flows directly into the small intestine to aid in the digestion of fat

Where does anaerobic fermentation happen in the horse digestive tract?

Cecum and Colon

What type of diet and supplementation should adult horses that exercise minimally be kept on?

Little grain, grass and legume, mineral salt lick

How do nutritional needs for lactating mares compare to smaller mammals like cats and dogs?

all have steady increase, except amount of glycogen decreases

How do oxygen use, energy use, fatty acid use, glucose use, lactic acid buildup, and glycogen use change as exercise intensity increases? (See the graph)

As exercise increases, oxygen uptake, energy use, fatty acid use, glucose use, and lactic acid buildup all increase. Glycogen and body fat decrease as exercise intensity increase.

What are the 2 pros and 2 cons of anaerobic respiration?

The advantage is that it is faster than aerobic metabolism in terms of producing ATP. The disadvantage is that anaerobic glycolysis causes you to fatigue faster so that means it is inefficient (2 ATP) and it produces lactic acid which is toxic to the cell, and can only be processed back to pyruvate in the liver.

What are 4 ways diet should be adjusted to compensate as exercise levels for horses increase?

Supply fat up to 8%, increase size of ration, mineral supplement or salt lick

What can cause developmental orthopedic disease in growing horses? How can it be prevented?

rapid growth, diet imbalance, biochemical stress or trauma, hormonal factors, genetic predisposition (IMO

What causes ‘tying up’ in horses? How is its frequency affected by PSSM?

Muscle damage due to improper exercise followed by inactivity. Because PSSM is a mutation in glycogen formation, glycogen can build up and crystalize in cells causing an increase in tying up.

What causes colic? How can it be prevented? How can it be treated?

Parasites, gas, obstructions. To treat monitor and check vitals, walk the horse and don't let it lay, if worsens then call vet and could do a surgical option

Why is poisoning so dangerous for horses?

Horses are more sensitive

What are 3 key differ

What are 3 key differences between rabbits and rodents?

ences between rabbits and rodents?

1. Teeth: Rabbits have four incisors, while rodents have two. Additionally, rabbits have teeth that continuously grow throughout their lives, while rodents' teeth stop growing once they reach a certain length.

2. Digestive System: Rabbits have a complex digestive system that allows them to extract nutrients from tough plant material, while rodents have a simpler digestive system that is better suited for a diet of seeds and grains.

3. Size: Rabbits are generally larger than rodents, with some species weighing up to 20 pounds. Rodents, on the other hand, are typically much smaller, with the largest species (such as the capybara) weighing around 140 pounds.

How is rabbit dentition unique and how should it be maintained?

Incisors grow constantly; always sharp to cut through woody plants; have large tooth gap (diastema) for holding forage;to maintain, must have real forage to chew to wear down teeth

How are cecotropes formed? How are they different from normal feces? What nutrients do rabbits gain from eating cecotropes that horses do not get?

At night reverse peristalsis mixes cecum and forms cecotropes. Cecotropes are lower in fiber than normal feces. Rabbits gain protein, fat, and vitamins from eating cecotropes.

How are rabbit nursing habits different from dogs and cats, and why?

Mother can only nurse kits few times a day because they have to keep the location of the burrow a secret.

What type of diet is best for maintaining adult rabbits?

Needs will vary greatly depending on activity: indoor pet bunny needs less energy than outdoor hutch bunny; outdoor bunny in winter will need grain supplement to keep warm

Why is rabbit proofing important?

Bunnies have instinctive need to gnaw, will chew anything; can cause intestinal blockage, injury; must bunny-proof house if letting them loose

What causes gastric stasis in rabbits? How are trichobezoars formed?

Rabbits normally groom, and high saliva production (from high fiber diet) helps move hair through; with gastric stasis, hair builds up in hairballs- trichobezoar

What are the 4 chambers of the ruminant stomach?

Rumen, reticulum, omasum, and abomasum

Describe the process of rumination: follow the path of a bite of grass, what happens in each section of the ruminant stomach?

Tear a bite of grass, the grass goes through the rumen and reticulum where symbiotic bacteria live and convert carbs to VFAs. To make breakdown easier, food is moved back to the mouth and swallowed again into the omasum where food is sieved. Food is once more sent to the mouth and then swallowed into the abomasum where it is digested for protein and other nutrients.

What nutrients do ruminants get from their symbiotic bacteria, and how?

To bypass the rumen, sending milk straight to abomasum to be digested.

What do the symbiotic protozoa in ruminant digestive tracts gain from living there, and what do the ruminants gain?

Symbiotic protozoa are able to digest bacteria and make an even better amino acid mix; ruminants gain higher quality protein

How do ruminants get the glucose they need for nervous function?

Must convert propionic acid to glucose

What is the purpose of the reticular groove?

To bypass the rumen, sending milk straight to abomasum to be digested

What causes grass tetany?

Acute Magnesium deficiency

What causes frothy bloat? What causes free gas bloat? How can they be prevented?

frothy bloat: gas trapped in foam can't be burped out fast enough free gas bloat: caused by eating high-concentrate feed by animals not adapted to grain-rich diet Prevented by acclimation, giving roughage

Colostrum

the first production of the mammary glands that plays a pivotal role for puppies and kittens

Nutrigenetics

how diet affects gene expression at the cellular level

Nutrigenomics

the study of how diet interacts with a dog's genes and influences their health

Hip dysplasia

a condition that begins in dogs as they grow and results in instability or a loose fit (laxity) of the hip joint

Pleiotropic genetic disease

Pleiotropic genetic disease in dogs is a condition where a single gene mutation affects multiple traits or organs in the body. This can result in a wide range of symptoms and health problems, such as deafness, blindness, and skeletal abnormalities. Examples of pleiotropic genetic diseases in dogs include von Willebrand disease and cystinuria.

Gluconeogenesis

synthesis of new glucose from noncarbohydrate precursors

Transamination

the transfer of an amine group from an amino acid to a keto acid

Deamination

occurs when an excess in protein is consumed, resulting in the removal of an amine group, which is then converted into ammonia and expelled via urination

Struvite

Diets lower in protein, phosphorus, and magnesium, and promote acidic urine

Volatile Fatty Acids

the main energy source for ruminants

Precocial species

being able to walk or even run as soon as you were born

Creep feed

the practice of feeding a solid diet to piglets while they are suckling the sow, preparing their digestive system for weaning

Aerobic respiration

the aerobic catabolism of nutrients to carbon dioxide, water, and energy, and involves an electron transport system in which molecular oxygen is the final electron acceptor

Aerobic threshold

the point where blood lactate reaches 2.0 mmol/L

Anaerobic respiration

In the absence of oxygen, the glucose derived from food is broken down into alcohol and carbon dioxide along with the production of energy

Developmental orthopedic disease

a term used for a cluster of conditions in the growing foal

Epiphysitis

Distal physis (growth plate) of both radius bones (forearm) are enlarged indicating rapid growth from over nutrition

Osteochondrosis

a group of disorders that affect the growing skeleton

Epiphyseal plate

the main site of longitudinal growth of the long bones

Exertional rhabdomyolysis

Suggested deficiencies include vitamin E and selenium

Polysaccharide storage myopathy

abnormal accumulation of the normal form of sugar stored in muscle (glycogen) as well as an abnormal form of sugar (amylase-resistant polysaccharide) in muscle tissue

Hyperkalemic periodic paralysis

a disorder that causes occasional episodes of muscle weakness and sometimes a higher than normal level of potassium in the blood

Colic

a healthy baby cries for a very long time, for no obvious reason

Altricial species

animals born in an immature state and unable to care for themselves

Diastema

a space separating teeth of different functions, especially that between the biting teeth (incisors and canines) and grinding teeth (premolars and molars) in rodents and ungulates

Cecotropes

Partially digested foods that are passed by mammals in the order lagomorpha (e.g.pikas, hares, and rabbits), and then re-ingested

Cecotrophy

the consumption of food pellets which are naturally produced by means of digestion, retention in the caecum, and expulsion through the anus

Reverse peristalsis

When the wave-like muscle contractions of peristalsis move backward instead of forward

Gastric stasis

a disorder of delayed gastric emptying in the absence of mechanical obstruction

Trichobezoar

accumulations of hair casts in the stomach associated with trichophagia

Ruminant

an even-toed ungulate mammal that chews the cud regurgitated from its rumen. The ruminants comprise the cattle, sheep, antelopes, deer, giraffes, and their relatives.

Ungulate

a hoofed mammal

Cria

a baby llama, alpaca, vicuña, or guanaco

Grass tetany

a highly fatal disease associated with low levels of magnesium in the blood

Bloat

a disease of livestock characterized by an accumulation of gas in the stomach

Frothy bloat

Natural foaming agents in legumes and some rapidly growing grasses cause a stable foam to form in the rumen. Gas is trapped in small bubbles in this foam in the rumen and the animal cannot belch up the gas

Free gas bloat

occurs when there is a physical obstruction (e.g. potato) to eructation and so gas is trapped within the rumen