CH. 13 Nervous system and psycholo

cerebell/o

cerebellum

cerebr/o, encephal/o

brain

cervic/o

neck

coccyg/o

coccyx (tailbone)

crani/o

skull

dendr/o

tree

dur/o

dura mater

gli/o

neuroglia or a sticky substance

lumb/o

lower back

mening/o

meninges

ment/o, psych/o

mind

myel/o

spinal cord, bone marrow

nerv/o, neur/o

nerve

phren/o

diaphragm; mind

physi/o

nature

sacr/o

sacrum

spin/o

spine

thorac/o

chest

ventricul/o

ventricle

arachn/o

spider

pseud/o

wrong, false

zo/o

animal

agora-

open marketplace

-asthenia

weakness

-esthesia

sensation, perception

-lexia

words, phrases

-orexia

appetite

afferent

sensory neurons

efferent

motor neurons

somatic nervous system

part of the nervous system that controls voluntary and conscious control

autonomic nervous system

part of the nervous system controlling the involuntary or automatic body functions

central nervous system

brain and spinal cord

peripheral nervous system

connects the brain and spinal cord with receptors, muscles, and glands, allowing the brain to detect sensations within the body, as well as respond to sensations outside the body.

neurons

a nerve cell; the basic building block of the nervous system

cytoplasmic projections

a single axon and several dendrites that project from the cell body

Dendrites

Transmit the impulse toward the cell body

axon

carries impulse away from the cell body

myelin sheath

white fatty covering that surrounds many axons

Neurilemma

outermost layer of the axon

neuroglia or glia

supporting tissue cells of the nervous system

-provide special support and protection

cranium

skull

cerebrospinal fluid

protection for the brain and spinal cord which is produced by the ventricles

meninges

three protective membranes that surround the brain and spinal cord (dura mater, arachnoid, and pia mater)

cerebrum

Area of the brain responsible for all voluntary activities of the body

Diencephalon

thalamus and hypothalamus

Cerebellum

A large structure of the hindbrain that controls fine motor skills.

Hypothalamus

a neural structure lying below the thalamus; directs eating, drinking, body temperature; helps govern the endocrine system via the pituitary gland, and is linked to emotion

Thalamus

the brain's sensory switchboard, located on top of the brainstem; it directs messages to the sensory receiving areas in the cortex and transmits replies to the cerebellum and medulla

pons

A brain structure that relays information from the cerebellum to the rest of the brain

medulla oblongata

Part of the brainstem that controls vital life-sustaining functions such as heartbeat, breathing, blood pressure, and digestion.

cerebral hemispheres

The right and left halves of the cerebrum.

cerebral cortex

The intricate fabric of interconnected neural cells covering the cerebral hemispheres; the body's ultimate control and information-processing center.

cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, coccygeal nerves

31 pairs of nerves emerge from the spinal cord and are named and numbered according to the region and level of the spinal cord from which they emerge

spinal cord

the cylindrical bundle of nerve fibers and associated tissue that is enclosed in the spine and connects nearly all parts of the body to the brain, with which it forms the central nervous system.

sciatic nerve

nerve extending from the base of the spine down the thigh, lower leg, and foot

-largest nerve on the body

electroencephalography

recording and analysis of the electrical activity of the brain

Electroencephalogram (EEG)

record of the electrical activity of the brain

epidural hematoma

blood accumulates in the epidural space, the space outside the dura mater

subdural hematoma

collection of blood under the dura mater

intracerebral hematoma

Bleeding within the brain tissue

cerebrovascular accident

normal blood supply to the brain is disrupted (stroke)

transient ischemic attack

a brief interruption in cerebral blood flow to the brain. Usually lasts a few minutes and does not cause permanent disabilitiy

hydrocephalus

accumulation of fluid in the spaces of the brain/skull

Akinesia

complete or partial loss of muscle movement

anesthesia

partial or complete loss of sensation with or without loss of consciousness; results from disease, injury

aphagia

inability or refusal to swallow; characterized by abstention from eating because swallowing is painful

aphasia

an abnormal neurological condition in which there is absence or impairment of the ability to communicate through speech, writing, or signs

bradykinesia

slow movement of mental and physical processes

brain tumor

abnormal growth of brain tissue and meninges

cephalagia

headache

cerebral concussion

loss of consciousness, either temporary or prolonged, as a result of a blow to the head

cerebral contusion

bruising of brain tissue as a result of direct trauma to the head

cerebral hemorrhage

result of the rupture of a sclerosed, diseased, or injured blood vessel in the brain

cerebral palsy

brain disorder characterized by paralysis and lack of muscle coordination

coma

state of unconsciousness from which a patient cannot be aroused

diplegia

paralysis affecting like parts on both sides of the body

dyslexia

inability to read, spell, and write words despite the ability to see and recognize letters

dysphagia

difficulty in swallowing, usually associated with obstruction or other disorder of the esophagus

electromyography

preparation, study, and interpretation of an electromyogram, a graphic record of the contraction of a muscle as a result of electrical stimulation

encephalitis

inflammation of the brain

encephalocele

hernial protrusion of brain substance through a congenital or traumatic opening of the skull; craniocele

encephalomalacia

softening of the brain

encephalomeningitis

inflammation of the brain and meninges

encephalopathy

any disease of the brain

Epilepsy

group of neurologic disorders characterized by recurrent episodes of seizures, sensory disturbances, loss of consciousness, motor activity, sensory phenomena or all of these

hemiplegia

paralysis of one side of the body

paraplegia

paralysis from the waist down

quadriplegia or tetraplegia

paralysis of all four limbs

hyperkinesia

abnormally increased motor function or activity

Meningitis

inflammation of the meninges

meningocele

the congenital herniation of the meninges through a defect in the skull or spinal column

multiple sclerosis

A chronic disease of the central nervous system marked by damage to the myelin sheath. Plaques occur in the brain and spinal cord causing tremor, weakness, incoordination, paresthesia, and disturbances in vision and speech

myasthenia gravis

disease characterized by muscle weakness and abnormal fatigue

myelitis

inflammation of the spinal cord or bone marrow

myelography

a radiographic study of the spinal cord after the injection of a radiopaque medium

narcolepsy

chronic ailment involving sudden attacks of sleep that occur at intervals

neuralgia

nerve pain

neuritis

inflammation of a nerve